The Essentials Plan — 60-day starter phase

You’ve tried everything to shed your unwanted pounds with inadequate results. Either you can’t lose weight at all, or you regain any lost pounds quickly. You may also be dealing with low energy and weight-related digestive issues, and have the feeling that your body is simply not working as it should. Your body may also be contending with certain “hidden” imbalances that are interfering with your body’s ability to shed weight.

What you get with your Program Membership

  • The Basics — our easy-to-take multivitamin/multimineral nutritional foundation with a balanced calcium-magnesium already included.
  • WheySational — our satisfying protein-packed shake works with your metabolism to help reduce cravings and promote healthy weight.
  • The Essentials Diet and Lifestyle Plan — amazingly simple and easy-to-follow plan for creating the conditions for lasting weight loss includes Marcelle Pick’s best-selling book The Core Balance Diet. Also shows you how to heal hidden imbalances that may be contributing to your weight loss resistance.
  • Free phone support — from our Advisors and Wellness Coaches whenever you need it. One of the hallmarks of our Program.
  • Satisfaction guaranteed with no questions asked.

Support beyond the starter phase

  • Automatic resupply — maintain your results and momentum with a convenient monthly shipment of The Basics and WheySational for just $79.00 a month. There’s never any purchase commitment and you may cancel anytime.
  • Access to all of our exclusive formulas — order additional supplements to customize your Program as needed.
  • Also available — optional consultations with our Nurse– Educators, just $19.00 for 20 minutes.
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The Essentials Plan — 60-day starter phase

You’ve tried everything to shed your unwanted pounds with inadequate results. Either you can’t lose weight at all, or you regain any lost pounds quickly. You may also be dealing with low energy and weight-related digestive issues, and have the feeling that your body is simply not working as it should. Your body may also be contending with certain “hidden” imbalances that are interfering with your body’s ability to shed weight.

What you get with your Program Membership

  • The Basics — our easy-to-take multivitamin/multimineral nutritional foundation with a balanced calcium-magnesium already included.
  • WheySational – our satisfying protein-packed shake works with your metabolism to help reduce cravings and promote healthy weight.
  • The Essentials Diet and Lifestyle action plan – amazingly simple and easy-to-follow plan for permanently overcoming weight loss resistance and preparing your body for lasting weight loss; includes Marcelle Pick’s best-seller, The Core Balance Diet. Also shows you how to heal hidden imbalances that may be contributing to your weight loss resistance.
  • Free phone support — from our Advisors and Wellness Coaches whenever you need it. One of the hallmarks of our Program.
  • Satisfaction guaranteed with no questions asked.

Support beyond the starter phase

  • Automatic resupply — maintain your results and momentum with a convenient monthly shipment of The Basics and WheySational for just $79.00 a month. There’s never any purchase commitment and you may cancel anytime.
  • Access to all of our exclusive formulas — order additional supplements to customize your Program as needed.
  • Also available — optional consultations with our Nurse– Educators, just $19.00 for 20 minutes.

$189.00 or two monthly payments of just $94.50 each
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Access to exclusive formulas

Proprietary formulas available exclusively to Members

Many members benefit from personalizing their Personal Programs to optimize their results. Available only to Members, our selection of additional formulations have been specially developed to augment your Program. At Women to Women, we develop and create all our own formulas and manufacture them to standards that exceed FDA regulations.

omega-3

Omega-3

The natural way to promote heart, eye and skin health

Omega-3's affect everything from the health of your immune and nervous systems, your heart, your joints, and even your emotional well-being. Omega-3's encourage the production of biological compounds that help with inflammation in your blood, tissues, and joints and also balance the negative impact of omega-6's, which are prevalent in the American diet.

Our Omega-3’s are formulated to:

  • Reduce triglycerides, a risk factor for heart disease.
  • Increase blood flow throughout the brain and body.
  • Promote eye, heart, skin, and joint health.
  • Help decrease mood swings and balance energy.
  • Help alleviate cramps, nausea, breast sensitivity, irritability, and headaches.
  • Support body processes that promote strong bones in menopausal and postmenopausal women.
vitamin d

Vitamin D

A vital nutrient for immunity and overall health

In the years leading up to menopause a woman can lose up to 20% of her entire bone mass. Our vitamin D is offered in a flexible dosage (2000 IU) and is the same form produced naturally in the skin — cholecalciferol — often referred to as "D3."

Vitamin D is essential for:

  • Increased immune function.
  • Limiting bone breakdown and maintaining bone-critical muscle mass.
  • Proper absorption and metabolism of calcium.
  • Promoting proper cell growth.
  • Building better immunity against colds and seasonal flu.
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You are unique. So is your path to weight loss.

nurse
Description

The challenges you meet along your journey to balancing your body for optimal weight loss are unique — just like you. Once you become a Member, our Nurse–Educators are here to help you along the way, which can make all the difference when you are trying to lose weight. They are experienced, insightful women who are great listeners and can give you invaluable assistance and motivation if:

  • You are currently taking prescription medication that you think might affect your Program.
  • You have special health questions or a preexisting condition, such as digestive problems, that need attention for your Program to be effective.
  • You see early progress but then plateau and need to consult about the best ways to get moving again.

We encourage Members who need to discuss complex individual issues or those with severe or moderate symptoms to schedule an appointment, whenever they feel it’s necessary. It can be incredibly motivating to speak with a woman who not only understands what you’re going through, but has personally guided hundreds of women along a path towards better health. Our Nurse-Educator appointments are available as an option for all Members — just $19.00 for a 20-minute consultation — whenever you need extra help to ensure your success on the Program.

Supplemental formulas available through Nurse–Educators

Women to Women also offers supplemental formulas through consultation with our Nurse–Educators, for Members with special concerns. These formulas include 5-HTP and others. Though all are non-prescription, we make these formulas available only after consultation because some may cause drug interactions or side effects if taken improperly. Our Nurse–Educators are highly skilled at knowing if you might benefit from a supplemental formula, or whether further dietary and lifestyle adjustments might be the solution for your specific symptoms.

Caring and confidential

Any personal information you share with a Nurse–Educator is kept in strict confidence. It is important to note that our nursing consultations are not substitutes for the advice of your healthcare practitioner, and we cannot and do not practice medicine over the phone. Please tell your healthcare practitioner about any supplements you are taking, including formulas recommended by our Nurse–Educators.

Making an appointment

If you’ve already ordered your Personal Program on-line, or are already a Member, call 1-800-808-8049 and ask to schedule an appointment with a Nurse–Educator.

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The Core Balance Diet

Core Balance Diet
Description

The Core Balance Diet is a breakthrough book that shows you how to restore your body’s equilibrium so you can overcome the obstacles that have been interfering with your ability to lose weight. This best-seller serves as a practical roadmap that helps women identify their own personal barriers to weight loss. Then it carefully lays out individualized approaches to making effective changes so you can finally achieve your ideal weight.

With her engaging style, Marcelle Pick, co-founder of the Women to Women Clinic and contributor to womentowomen.com, explains how many of your established lifestyle and diet patterns, along with certain biochemical imbalances, can contribute to weight loss resistance. She details how these factors can lead to weight gain and shows you how to make effective adjustments in your daily life. Combining cutting-edge natural methods with her tried-and-true advice, Marcelle shares the wisdom she’s acquired from more than 25 years of helping women lose weight.

Special weight loss resistance sections

By following this book’s customized program, you can set yourself up to recover the balance your body needs in order to shed your additional pounds once and for all. Using this plan, you’ll enjoy delicious recipes made from whole foods that give your body the nutrition and support it needs. At the same time, you’ll start to explore underlying issues and emotional patterns that may be getting in your way, as Marcelle connects self-care with self-awareness to show you the way to lasting weight loss and wellness.

The Core Balance Diet represents an entirely new chapter in weight loss, proving that when you work with your body — not against it — you can achieve your best weight. You’ll discover which foods and practices are best for ridding yourself of excess weight and unhealthy habits for good. Within weeks, you’ll be on your way to a leaner, fitter, and more balanced body. Prepare to feel better and look great the Core Balance way.
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The Basics

the basics
Description
Supplement facts
References

The Basics — a foundation of rich nutrition

Our latest foundational supplement is formulated just for women and delivers the purest ingredients with optimal absorption and bioavailability. We’ve streamlined your daily nutrition so both our multivitamin/mineral and calcium/magnesium are combined in one formula that’s easy to take.

Together, these formulas work to support a healthy metabolism, optimal weight management, and overall wellness for women by creating an optimal nutritional base.

Components of The Basics

  • Multivitamin/mineral complex
    Our formula is a comprehensive, highly concentrated vitamin/trace element supplement containing more than 30 essential nutritional ingredients. Minerals and trace elements are provided in safe and bioavailable forms. We always use only the purest, most hypoallergenic ingredients, and The Basics contains no yeast, corn, wheat, sugar or other sweeteners, artificial colors, flavors or preservatives.
  • Calcium/Magnesium combo
    Our calcium/magnesium formula balances these two vital minerals and includes vitamin D, vitamin K, boron, and other ingredients to assist the body in maintaining healthy bone structure and function.

The benefits of The Basics

  • The same rich nutritional supplement currently in use at Women to Women’s medical clinic.
  • Doctor-formulated, based on the latest nutritional and medical science for women’s health.
  • When used to supplement a healthy eating plan, provides a solid nutritional foundation that supports the body’s vital systems, including the immune and the digestive systems.
  • 30 essential nutrients to ensure maximum bioavailability, in safe, effective dosages.
  • Manufactured in a facility validated by the NSF (The Public Health and Safety Company), to meet or exceed all governmental requirements for good manufacturing practices (the FDA’s GMPs).
  • Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous procedure used for pharmaceutical drugs.
  • Made from all-natural ingredients with no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, filler, dyes, or coloring of any kind.

Product References

Women to Women’s The Basics are comprehensive nutritional supplements that are doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, provide information about the clinical basis for using Women to Women’s The Basics. Click on each of the nutrients listed to review pertinent studies and articles.

Product references

Vitamin A

Arnlöv, J., et al. 2009. Serum and dietary beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based study of Swedish men: Report from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study. Diabetalogica, 52 (1), 97–105. URL (abstract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/334/18/1150 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Sahni, S., et al. 2008. Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056581 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Yang, Z., et al. 2008. Serum carotenoid concentrations in postmenopausal women from the United States with and without osteoporosis. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 78 (3), 105–111. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003732 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Kawaguchi, J. 2006. Generation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes from embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol. Biol., 330, 135–148. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846022 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Bendich, A. 2004. From 1989 to 2001: What have we learned about the “biological actions of beta-carotene”? J. Nutr., 134 (1), 225S–230S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/1/225S (accessed 12.08.2008).

Heinrich, U., et al. 2003. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J. Nutr., 133 (1), 98–101. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/1/98 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Semba, R., et al. 2003. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 15 (6), 482–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14959951 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Klipstein–Grobusch, K., et al. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial disease: The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154 (2), 145–149. URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/145 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Christen, W., et al. 2000. Design of Physicians’ Health Study II — a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Ann. Epidemiol., 10 (2), 125–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691066 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Green, A., et al. 1999. Daily sunscreen application and betacarotene supplementation in prevention of basal-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas of the skin: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 354 (9180), 723–729. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475183 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Lin, Y., et al. 1998. Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 67 (5), 837-845. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/67/5/837.pdf (accessed 12.08.2008).

Albanes, D., et al. 1996. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: Effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88 (21), 1560–1570. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/21/1560.pdf (accessed 12.08.2008).

McAlindon, T., et al. 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis. Rheum., 39 (4), 648–656. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Omenn, G., et al. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEJM, 334 (18), 1150–1155. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/334/18/1150 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Wolf, G. 1984. Multiple functions of vitamin A. Physiol. Rev., 64, 873–937.

 

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Coelho, L., et al. 2008. Thiamin deficiency as a cause of reversible cor pulmonale. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 91 (1), e7–e9. URL (PDF): http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abc/v91n1/en_a13v91n1.pdf (accessed 12.03.2009).

Lonsdale, D. 2006. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 3 (1), 49–59. URL: http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/1/49 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Haupt, E., et al. 2005. Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy — a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study). Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 43 (2), 71–77. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15726875 (accessed 12.15.2008).

McCabe–Sellers, B., et al. 2005. Diuretic medication therapy use and low thiamin intake in homebound older adults. J. Nutr. Elder, 24 (4), 57–71. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597560 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Beltramo, E., et al. 2004. Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent increased apoptosis in endothelial cells and pericytes cultured in high glucose. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 20 (4), 330–336. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15250036 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Shangari, N., et al. 2003. Toxicity of glyoxals — role of oxidative stress, metabolic detoxification and thiamine deficiency. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 31 (Pt. 6), 1390–1393. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641070 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Gibson, G., & Zhang, H. 2002. Interactions of oxidative stress with thiamine homeostasis promote neurodegeneration. Neurochem. Int., 40 (6), 493–504. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850106 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lonsdale, D., et al. 2002. Treatment of autistic spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: A pilot study. Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 23 (4), 303–308. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195231 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Elmadfa, I., et al. 2001. The thiamine status of adult humans depends on carbohydrate intake. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 71 (4), 217–221 URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11582856 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lonsdale, D.2001. Sudden infant death syndrome requires genetic predisposition, some form of stress and marginal malnutrition. Med. Hypoth., 57 (3), 382–386. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37452 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Schenk, G., et al. 1998. Properties and functions of the thiamin diphosphate dependent enzyme transketolase. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30 (12), 1297–1318. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924800 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Cooper, J. & Pincus, J. 1979. The role of thiamine in nervous tissue. Neurochem. Res., 4 (2), 223–239. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37452 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Baker, H., et al. 1975. Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28 (12), 1377–1380. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/28/12/1377 (accessed 12.15.2008).

 

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

McNulty, H., et al. 2008. Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 232–237. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412997 (accessed 12.16.2008.).

Yazdanpanah, N., et al. 2008. Low dietary riboflavin but not folate predicts increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele. J. Bone Miner. Res., 23 (1), 86–94. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17725378 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Yazdanpanah, N., et al. 2008. Effect of dietary B vitamins on BMD and risk of fracture in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam study. Bone, 41 (6), 987–994. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936100 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2007. Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (the FAB2 Study). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (10), 2128–2135. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/2128 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845–851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2005. Interaction among folate, riboflavin, genotype, and cancer, with reference to colorectal and cervical cancer. J. Nutr., 135 (12 Suppl.), 2960S–2966S. URL (PDF): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/12/2960S (accessed 12.16.2008).

Macdonald, H., et al. 2004. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interacts with riboflavin intake to influence bone mineral density. Bone, 35 (4), 957–964. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454103 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Moat, S. 2003. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin. Chem., 49 (2), 295–302. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/49/2/295 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Lakshmi, A. 1998. Riboflavin metabolism — relevance to human nutrition. Indian J. Med. Res., 108, 182–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9863274 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Madigan, S., et al. 1998. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68 (2), 389–395. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/68/2/389 (accessed 12.16.2008).

 

Vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide)

Tang, K., et al. 2008. Niacin deficiency causes oxidative stress in rat bone marrow cells but not through decreased NADPH or glutathione status. J. Nutr. Biochem., 19 (11), 746-753. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436439 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Duan, D., et al. 2007. Protective effect of niacinamide on interleukin-1beta-induced annulus fibrosus type II collagen degeneration in vitro. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci., 27 (1), 68–71. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393114 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Kostecki, L., et al. 2007. Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow. Mutat. Res., 625 (1-2), 50–61. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Spronck, J., et al. 2007. Niacin deficiency alters p53 expression and impairs etoposide-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rat bone marrow cells. Nutr. Cancer, 57 (1), 88–99. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516866 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Fivenson, D. 2006. The mechanisms of action of nicotinamide and zinc in inflammatory skin disease. Cutis, 77 (1 Suppl.), 5–10. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871773 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Niren, N. 2006. Pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions: A review. Cutis, 77 (1 Suppl.), 11–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871774 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Kirkland, J. 2003. Niacin and carcinogenesis. Nutr. Cancer, 46 (2), 110–118. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14690785 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Boyonoski, A., et al. 2002. Niacin deficiency decreases bone marrow poly(ADP-ribose) and the latency of ethylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats. J. Nutr., 132 (1), 108–114. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/1/108 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Guruprasad, K., & Vasudev, V. 2001. Inducible protective processes in animal systems: VIII. Enhancement of adaptive response by nicotinamide. Mutagenesis, 16 (3), 257–263. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320152 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Hageman, G., & Stierum, R. 2001. Niacin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 45–56. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295153 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Wiencke, J. 1987. Nicotinamide deficiency in human lymphocytes prevents the [3H]thymidine-induced adaptive response for the repair of X-ray-induced chromosomal damage. Exp. Cell Res., 171 (2), 518–523. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2957224 (accessed 12.16.2008).

 

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

Jaroenporn, S., et al. 2008. Effects of pantothenic acid supplementation on adrenal steroid secretion from male rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 31 (6), 1205–1208. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/31/6/31_1205/_article (accessed 12.03.2009).

Scheurig, A., et al. 2008. Association between the intake of vitamins and trace elements from supplements and C-reactive protein: Results of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 62 (1), 127–137. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311055 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Liciano, J., et al. 2007. Effects of leptin on intake of specific micro- and macronutrients in a woman with leptin gene deficiency studied off and on leptin at stable body weight. Appetite, 49 (3), 594–599. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2194812&blobtype=pdf (accessed 12.15.2008).

Schittl, H., & Getoff, N. 2007. Radiation-induced antitumor properties of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) and its effect on mitomycin C activity: Experiments in vitro. Oncol. Res., 16 (8), 389–394. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913047 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Ball, G. 2006. Chapter 11: Pantothenic Acid. In Vitamins in Foods: Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability, 211–219. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Depeint, F., et al. 2006. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem. Biol. Interact., 163 (1–2), 94–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765926 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Gaby, A. 1997. Pantothenic acid: All-purpose vitamin, a member of the B-complex vitamin group. Nutr. Healing, 3 (4), 11.

Tahiliani, A., & Beinlich, C. 1991. Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitam. Horm., 46, 165–228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1746161 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Song, W. 1990. Pantothenic acid: How much do we know about this B-vitamin? Nutr. Today, 25 (2), 19–26.

Bonjour, J. 1980. Vitamins and alcoholism. V. Riboflavin; VI. Niacin; VII. Pantothenic acid; VIII. Biotin. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 50, 425–440.

Fry, P., et al. 1976. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 22 (4), 339–346.

 

Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine)

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/845 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Wolters, M., et al. 2005. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur. J. Nutr., 44 (3), 183–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309436 (accessed 12.14. 2008).

Levine, S., & Saltzman, A. 2004. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) neurotoxicity: Enhancement by protein-deficient diet. J. Appl. Toxicol., 24, 497–500. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019915 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Lewerin, C., et al. 2003. Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: A randomised trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (11), 1426–1436. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576756 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Madigan, S., et al. 1998. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68 (2), 389–395. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/68/2/389 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1998. A cartilage matrix deficiency experimentally induced by vitamin B6 deficiency. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 217, 97–103. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421212 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1994. Vitamin B6 deficiency experimentally-induced bone and joint disorder: Microscopic, radiographic and biochemical evidence. Br. J. Nutr., 71, 919–932. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8031739 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Benedikt, J., et al. 1996. [The effect of different vitamin B6 supplies on the vitamin B status (pyroxidine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine) of the liver and the body of lactating rats.] Z. Ernahyrungswiss, 35, (3), 273–281. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019915 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Cravo, M., et al. 1996. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (2), 220–224. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/2/220 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Riggs, K., et al. 1996. Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (3), 306–314. URL (accessed 12.09.2008).

Reynolds, T., et al. 1992. Hip fracture patients may be vitamin B6 deficient. Controlled study of serum pyridoxal-5’-phosphate. Acta Orthop. Scand., 63 (3), 635–638. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1471512 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1990. Morphological abnormalities in vitamin B6 deficient tarsometatarsal chick cartilage. Scanning Microsc., 4 (3), 667–673; discussion 674. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2080430 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Serfontein, W., et al. 1984. Vitamin B6 revisited. Evidence of subclinical deficiencies in various segments of the population and possible consequences thereof. S. Afr. Med. J., 66 (12), 437–440. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385307 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Baker, H., et al. 1975. Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28 (12), 1377–1380. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/28/12/1377 (accessed 12.15.2008).

 

Vitamin B7 (biotin)

Mock, D. 2008. Marginal biotin deficiency is common in normal human pregnancy and is highly teratogenic in mice. J. Nutr., 139 (1), 154–157. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/154 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Said, H. 2008. Cell and molecular aspects of human intestinal biotin absorption.J. Nutr., 139 (1), 158–162. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/158 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Geohas, J., et al. 2007. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Med. Sci., 333 (3), 145–153. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17496732 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Scheinfeld, N., et al. 2007. Vitamins and minerals: Their role in nail health and disease. J. Drugs Dermatol., 6 (8), 782–787. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17763607 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Revilla–Monsalve, C., et al. 2006. Biotin supplementation reduces plasma triacylglycerol and VLDL in type 2 diabetic patients and in nondiabetic subjects with hypertriglyceridemia. Biomed. Pharmacother., 60 (4), 182–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16677798 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Fernández–Mejía, C. 2005. Pharmacologic effects of biotin. J. Nutr. Biochem., 16 (7), 424–427. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992683 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Gravel, R., & Narang, M. 2005. Molecular genetics of biotin metabolism: Old vitamin, new science. J. Nutr. Biochem., 16 (7), 428–431. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992684 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Vilches–Flores, A., & Fernández–Mejía, C. 2005. [Effect of biotin upon gene expression and metabolism.] Rev. Invest. Clin., 57 (5), 716–724. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419467 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Báez–Saldaña, A., et al. 2004. Effects of biotin on pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and markers for glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (2), 238–243. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/2/238 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Mock, D., et al. 2002. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 295–299. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/2/295 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Pacheco–Alvarez, D., et al. 2002. Biotin in metabolism and its relationship to human disease. Arch. Med. Res., 33 (5), 439–447. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459313 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zempleni, J., & Mock, D. 2000. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 223 (1), 14–21. URL: http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/14 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zempleni, J., & Mock, D. 1999. Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (3), 504–508. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/3/504 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zhang, H., et al. 1997. Biotin administration improves the impaired glucose tolerance of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 43 (3), 271-280. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8477615 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Hochman, L., et al. 1993. Brittle nails: Response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis, 51, 303–305. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8477615 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Mock, D. 1991. Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency. Semin. Dermatol., 10 (4), 296–302. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764357 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Koutsikos, D., et al. 1990. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 44 (10), 511–514. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2085665 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Colombo, V., et al. 1990. Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: Scanning electron microscopy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 23 (6 Pt. 1), 1127–1132. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2273113 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Floersheim, G. 1989. [Treatment of brittle fingernails with biotin]. Z. Hautkr., 64 (1), 41–48. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2648686 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Nyhan, W. 1987. Inborn errors of biotin metabolism. Arch. Dermatol., 123 (12), 1696–1698a. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3318710 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Misir, R., & Blair, R. 1986. Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley–wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Res. Vet. Sci., 40 (2), 212–218. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704339 (accessed 12.08.2008).

McCormick, D. 1975. Biotin. Nutr. Rev., 33, 97–102.

 

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Albert, C., et al. 2008. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: A randomized trial. JAMA, 299 (17), 2027–2036. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2027 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Allen, L. 2008. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr. Bull., 29 (2 Suppl.), S20–S34; discussion S35–37. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Dahlin, A., et al. 2008. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and the risk of colorectal cancer: A nested case-referent study. Int. J. Cancer, 122 (9), 2057–2061. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18092327 (accessed 12.15.2008).

McNulty, H., et al. 2008. Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 232–237. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412997 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Miller, J. 2008. Folate, cognition, and depression in the era of folic acid fortification. J. Food Sci., 69, SNQ61–SNQ65. URL (abstract): http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118756271/abstract (accessed 12.15.2008).

Rejnmark, L., et al. 2008. Dietary intake of folate, but not vitamin B2 or B12, is associated with increased bone mineral density 5 years after the menopause: Results from a 10-year follow-up study in early postmenopausal women. Calcif. Tissue Int., 82 (1), 1–11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18175033 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2007. Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (the FAB2 Study). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (10), 2128-2135. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/2128 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Clarke, R. 2006. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the prevention of dementia. NEJM, 354 (26), 2817–2819. URL (extract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/26/2817 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Coppen, A., & Bolander–Gouaille, C. 2005. Treatment of depression: Time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J. Psychopharmacol., 19 (1), 59–65. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Papakostas, G., et al. 2005. The relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in major depressive disorder and the timing of improvement with fluoxetine. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 8 (4), 523–528. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877935 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Papakostas, G., et al. 2005. Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder, Part 1: Predictors of clinical response in fluoxetine-resistant depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 65 (8), 1090–1095. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15323594 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Powers, H. 2005. Interaction among folate, riboflavin, genotype, and cancer, with reference to colorectal and cervical cancer. J. Nutr., 135 (12 Suppl.), 2960S–2966S. URL (PDF): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/12/2960S (accessed 12.16.2008).

Van Guelpen, B., et al. 2005. Folate, vitamin B12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake. Stroke, 36 (8), 1426–1431. URL: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/7/1426 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Wolters, M., et al. 2005. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur. J. Nutr., 44 (3), 183–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309436 (accessed 12.14. 2008).

Lee, B., et al. 2004. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are more effective than vitamin B6 in lowering fasting plasma homocysteine concentration in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (3), 481–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985687 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lewerin, C., et al. 2003. Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: A randomised trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (11), 1426–1436. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576756 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Rampersaud, G., et al. 2003. Folate: A key to optimizing health and reducing disease risk in the elderly. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (1), 1–8. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/1 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Czap, K., Ed. 2002. Alternative Medicine Review: Monographs. Dover, ID: Thorne Research, Inc.

Duan, W., et al. 2002. Dietary folate deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels endanger dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurochem., 80 (1), 101–110. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2080430 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Morris, M. 2002. Folate, homocysteine, and neurological function. Nutr. Clin. Care, 5 (3), 124–132. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134567 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Coppen, A., & Bailey, J. 2000. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: A randomised, placebo controlled trial. J. Affect. Disord., 60 (2), 121–130. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10967371 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Bailey, L. & Gregory, J. 1999. Folate metabolism and requirements. J. Nutr., 129 (4), 779–782. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/4/779 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Cravo, M., et al. 1996. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (2), 220–224. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/2/220 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Baker, H., et al. 1975. Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28 (12), 1377–1380. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/28/12/1377 (accessed 12.15.2008).

 

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Allen, L. 2008. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr. Bull., 29 (2 Suppl.), S20-S34; discussion S35–37. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Dahlin, A., et al. 2008. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and the risk of colorectal cancer: A nested case-referent study. Int. J. Cancer, 122 (9), 2057–2061. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18092327 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Coppen, A., & Bolander–Gouaille, C. 2005. Treatment of depression: Time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J. Psychopharmacol., 19 (1), 59–65. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Eussen, S., et al. 2005. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: A dose-finding trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (10), 1167–1172. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/10/1167 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Van Guelpen, B., et al. 2005. Folate, vitamin B12, and risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: A prospective, nested case-referent study of plasma concentrations and dietary intake. Stroke, 36 (8), 1426–1431. URL: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/36/7/1426 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Wolters, M., et al. 2005. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur. J. Nutr., 44 (3), 183–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309436 (accessed 12.14. 2008).

Lee, B., et al. 2004. Folic acid and vitamin B12 are more effective than vitamin B6 in lowering fasting plasma homocysteine concentration in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (3), 481–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14985687 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Stabler, S., & Allen, R. 2004. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 24, 299–326. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189123 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Hintikka, J., et al. 2003. High vitamin B12 level and good treatment outcome may be associated in major depressive disorder. BMC Psych., 3, 17. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/3/17 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lewerin, C., et al. 2003. Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: A randomised trial. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (11), 1426–1436. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576756 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Seal, E., et al. 2002. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 50 (1), 146–151. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/10/1167 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Hassing, L., et al. 1999. Further evidence on the effects of vitamin B12 and folate levels on episodic memory functioning: A population-based study of healthy very old adults. Biol. Psych., 45 (11), 1472–1480. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356630 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Cravo, M., et al. 1996. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (2), 220–224. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/2/220 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Davis, B., et al. 1982. Enhanced absorption of oral vitamin B12 from a resin adsorbate administered to normal subjects. Manip. Physiol. Ter., 5 (3),123–127. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6752321 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Combs, G., 1992. Vitamin B6 (Chapter 13), and Vitamin B12 (Chapter 17). In The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health, 331–347; 403–419. San Diego: Academic Press.

McBride, J. 2000. B12 deficiency may be more widespread than thought. Agricultural Research. URL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/IS/pr/2000/000802.htm (accessed 12.17.2008).

 

Boron

Nielsen, F. 2008. Is boron nutritionally relevant? Nutr. Rev., 66 (4), 183–191. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366532 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Naghii, M., et al. 2006. Effects of boron and calcium supplementation on mechanical properties of bone in rats. Biofactors, 28 (3–4), 195–201. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473380 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Devirian, T., & Volpe, S. 2003. The physiological effects of dietary boron. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43 (2), 219–231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12705642 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Rico, H., et al. 2002. Influence of boron supplementation on vertebral and femoral bone mass in rats on strenuous treadmill exercise. A morphometric, densitometric, and histomorphometric study. J. Clin. Densitomet., 5 (2), 187–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12110762 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Nielsen, F. 1998. The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 66 (1–3), 319–330. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050927 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapin, R., et al. 1998. The effects of dietary boric acid on bone strength in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 66 (1–3), 395–399. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050932 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapin, R., et al. 1997. The effects of dietary boron on bone strength in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 35 (2), 205–215. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038242 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Meacham, S., et al. 1995. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61 (2), 341–345. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/2/341.pdf (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hunt, C., et al. 1994. Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. J. Bone Miner. Res., 9 (2), 171–182. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140930 (accessed 12.09.2008).

McCoy, H., et al. 1994. Relation of boron to the composition and mechanical properties of bone. Environ Health Perspect., 102 (Suppl. 7), 49–53. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7889880 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Newnham, R. 1994. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ. Health Perspect., 102 (Suppl. 7), 83–85. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7889887 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Naghii, M., & Samman, S. 1993. The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 17 (4), 331–349. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140253 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Volpe, S., et al. 1993. The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: A review. Magnesium Res., 6 (3), 291–296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8292503 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Beattie, J., & Peace, H. 1993. The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Br. J. Nutr., 69 (3), 871–884. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8329361 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hunt, D., & Herbel, J. 1991–1992. Effects of dietary boron on calcium and mineral metabolism in the streptozocin-injected, vitamin D3–deprived rat. Magnes. Trace Elem., 10 (5–6), 387–408. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1669022 (accessed 12.09.2008).

 

Vitamin C

Smith, V. 2009. Vitamin C deficiency is an under-diagnosed contributor to degenerative disc disease in the elderly. Med. Hypotheses. 2009 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932568 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Maïmoun, L., et al. 2008. Effect of antioxidants and exercise on bone metabolism. J. Sports Sci., 26 (3), 251–258. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18074298 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Sahni, S., et al. 2008. High vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. J. Nutr., 138 (10), 1931–1938. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806103 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Shvedova, A., et al. 2007. Vitamin E deficiency enhances pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 221 (3), 339–348. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17482224 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Farombi, E., & Onyema, O. 2006. Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: Modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetin. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 25 (5), 251–259. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758767 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Soylu, A., et al. 2006. Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 12 (42), 6835–6841. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106933 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Pattison, D., et al. 2004. Vitamin C and the risk of developing inflammatory polyarthritis: Prospective nested case-control study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 63 (7), 843–847. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15194581 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Yasuda, S., et al. 2004. Suppressive effects of ascorbate derivatives on ultraviolet-B-induced injury in HaCaT human keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim., 40 (3–4), 71–73. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15311965 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Maggio, D., et al. 2003. Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: Results of a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 88 (4), 1523–1527. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1523 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Osganian, S., et al. 2003. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 42 (2), 246–252. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12875759 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Stabler, T., & Kraus, V. 2003. Ascorbic acid accumulates in cartilage in vivo. Clin. Chim. Acta, 334, 157–62. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12867287 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Jacob, R., & Sotoudeh, G. 2002. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr. Clin. Care, 5 (2), 66–74. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134712 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Klipstein–Grobusch, K., et al. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial disease: The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154 (2), 145–149. URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/145 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Morton, D. 2001. Vitamin C supplement use and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 16 (1), 135–140. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11149477 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Brubaker, R., et al. 2000. Ascorbic acid content of human corneal epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41 (7), 1681–1683. URL: http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/41/7/1681 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jacques, P. 1999. The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 69 (3), 198–205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10389028 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Falch, J., et al. 1998. Low levels of serum ascorbic acid in elderly patients with hip fracture. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 58, 225–228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9670346 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hall, S., & Greendale, G. 1998. The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: Results from the PEPI study. Calc. Tiss. Int., 63 (3), 183–189. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9701620 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Rose, R., et al. 1998. Ocular oxidants and antioxidant protection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 217 (4), 397–407. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521086 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Tessier, F., et al. 1998. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 68 (5), 309–315. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789763 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Xiao, G., et al. 1997. Ascorbic acid-dependent activation of the osteocalcin promoter in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts: Requirement for collagen matrix synthesis and the presence of an intact OSE2 sequence. Mol. Endocrinol., 11 (8), 1103–1113. URL: http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/8/1103 (accessed 12.11.2008).

McAlindon, T., et al. 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis. Rheum., 39 (4), 648–656. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Wolf, G. 1996. The mechanism of uptake of ascorbic acid into osteoblasts and leukocytes. Nutr. Rev., 54 (5), 150–152. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8783882 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bendich, A., & Langseth, L. 1995. The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: A review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 14, 124–136. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7790686 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Goralczyk, R., et al. 1992. Regulation of steroid hormone metabolism requires l–ascorbic acid. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 669, 349–351. [No abstract available.]

Hankinson, S., et al. 1992. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study. BMJ, 305, 335–339. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1392884 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Davis, R., et al. 1990. Vitamin C influence on localized adjuvant arthritis. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 80 (8), 414–418. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2376830 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Frei, B., et al. 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86 (16), 6377–6381. URL (PDF): http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=297842&blobtype=pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Pauling, L. 1986. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.

Wilkins, E., & Wilkins, M. 1979. Effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on synovial rheumatoid arthritic and other cells. Experientia, 35 (2), 244–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/421847 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Mullen, A., & Wilson, C. 1976. The metabolism of ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 35, 8A–9A. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/940842 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Schwartz, P. 1970. Ascorbic acid in wound healing — a review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 56, 497-503. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4911836 (accessed 12.19.2008).

 

Calcium

Bolland, M., et al. 2008. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 336 (7638), 262–266. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/336/7638/262 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heaney, R. 2008. Calcium supplementation and incident kidney stone risk: A systematic review. J. Am.Coll. Nutr., 27 (5), 519–527. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845701 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Cashman, K. 2007. Diet, nutrition, and bone health. J. Nutr., 137 (11 Suppl.), 2507S–2512S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/11/2507S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hsia, J., et al. 2007. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation, 115 (7), 846–854. URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/115/7/846 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Lin, J., et al. 2007. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women. Arch. Intern. Med., 167 (10), 1050–1059. URL http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/167/10/1050 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Tang, B., et al. 2007. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis. Lancet, 370 (9588), 657–666. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720017 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Reid, I., et al. 2006. Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women. Am. J. Med., 119 (9), 777–785. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945613 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Grant, A., et al. 2005. RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 365 (9471), 1621–1628. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885294 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Porthouse, J., et al. 2005. Randomised controlled trial of supplementation with calcium and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ, 330 (7498), 1003–1006. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7498/1003 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Di Daniele, N., et al. 2004. Effect of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in peri-and post-menopause women: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pharmacol. Res., 50 (6), 637–641. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15501704 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Flynn, C. 2004. Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am. Fam. Phys., 69, 2822–2823. URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040615/cochrane.html (accessed 12.09.2008).

Harwood, R., et al. 2004. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NoNOF) Study. Age Ageing, 33 (1), 45–31. URL: http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/45 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Suzuki, Y., et al. 2003. Total calcium intake is associated with cortical bone mineral density in a cohort of postmenopausal women not taking estrogen. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 7 (5), 296–299. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917743 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 2002. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: Confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: The Decalyos II study. Osteoporos. Int., 13, 257–264. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991447 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Berchtold, M., et al. 2000. Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: Its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Phys. Res., 80 (3), 1215–1265. URL: http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/1215 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heaney, R. 2000. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19 (90002), 83S–99S. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/suppl_2/83S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Ilich, J., & Kerstetter, J. 2000. Nutrition in bone health revisited: A story beyond calcium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19, 715–737. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/6/715 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bendich, A., et al. 1999. Supplemental calcium for the prevention of hip fracture: Potential health-economic benefits. Clin. Ther., 21 (6), 1058–1072. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440627 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bronner, F., & Pansu, D. 1999. Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption. J. Nutr., 129 (1), 9–12. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/1/9 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Celotti, F., & Bignamini, A. 1999. Dietary calcium and mineral/vitamin supplementation: A controversial problem. J. Int. Med. Res., 27, 1–14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417956 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heller, H., et al. 1999. Pharmacokinetics of calcium absorption from two commercial calcium supplements. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 39 (11), 1151–1154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10579145 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Patrick, L. 1999. Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. Altern. Med. Rev., 4 (2), 74–85. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/4/2/74.pdf (accessed 12.09.2008).

Ruml, L., et al. 1999. The effect of calcium citrate on bone density in the early and mid-postmenopausal period: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Ther., 6 (6), 303–311. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329114 (accessed 01.02.2009).

O’Brien, K. 1998. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in older men and women. Nutr. Rev., 56 (5 Pt. 1), 148–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624885 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Reid, I. 1998. The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 27 (2), 389–398. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669144 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Barger–Lux, M., & Heaney, R. 1994. The role of calcium intake in preventing bone fragility, hypertension, and certain cancers. J. Nutr., 124 (8 Suppl.), 1406S–1411S. URL (PDF): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/124/8_Suppl/1406S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bronner, F. 1994. Calcium and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60 (6), 831–836. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/60/6/831 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. NEJM, 327 (23), 1637–1642. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331788 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Simon, J., et al. 1992. Calcium intake and blood pressure in elderly women. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136 (10), 1241–1247. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1476146 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Anderson, J. 1990. Dietary calcium and bone mass through the lifecycle. Nutr. Today, 25 (2),9–14.

 

Choline

Zeisel, S., & da Costa, K. 2009. Choline: An essential nutrient for public health. Nutr. Rev., 67 (11), 615–623. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/?tool=pubmed (accessed 12.04.2009).

Dalmeijer, G., et al. 2008. Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 62 (3), 386–394. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375117 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Spector, T., et al. 2008. Choline–stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9, 85. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/85 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Bidulescu, A., et al. 2007. Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 7, 20. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/7/20 (accessed 12.17.2008.).

Chiuve, S., et al. 2007. The association between betaine and choline intakes and the plasma concentrations of homocysteine in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 86 (4), 1073–1081. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/86/4/1073 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Fischer, L., et al. 2007. Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (5), 1275–1285. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1275 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Zeisel, S. 2007. Gene response elements, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics influence the human dietary requirement for choline. IUBMB Life, 59 (6), 380–387. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430110/?tool=pubmed (accessed 12.04.2009).

Calomme, M., et al. 2006. Partial prevention of long-term femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid. Calcif. Tissue Int., 78 (4), 227–232. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604283 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Cho, E., et al. 2006. Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83 (4), 905–911. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/4/905 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Olthof, M., et al. 2005. Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82 (1), 111–117. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/111 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Gorustovich, A., et al. 2003. Mandibular bone remodeling under a choline-deficient diet: A histomorphometric study in rats. J. Periodontol., 74 (6), 831–837. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12886993 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Gorustovich, A., et al. 2003. Periimplant bone healing under experimental hepatic osteodystrophy induced by a choline-deficient diet: A histomorphometric study in rats. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res., 5 (2), 124-129. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14536047 (accessed 12.17.2008).

McKenzie, J., et al. 1981. The effects of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline on the precipitation of native fibrils and segment-long-spacing aggregates from collagen solution. J. Supramol. Struct. Cell Biochem., 15 (3), 219-234. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6790719 (accessed 12.17.2008).

 

Chromium

Qiao, W., et al. 2009. Chromium improves glucose uptake and metabolism through upregulating the mRNA levels of IR, GLUT4, GS, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 131 (2), 133-142. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283340 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Anton, S., et al. 2008. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes. Technol. Ther., 10 (5), 405–412. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715218 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Abdourahman, A., & Edwards, J. 2008. Chromium supplementation improves glucose tolerance in diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats. IUBMB Life, 60 (8), 541–548. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18629917 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Horvath, E., et al. 2008. Antidiabetogenic effects of chromium mitigate hyperinsulinemia-induced cellular insulin resistance via correction of plasma membrane cholesterol imbalance. Mol. Endocrinol, 22 (4), 937–950. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165437 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss, H., et al. 2008. Comparing metabolic effects of six different commercial trivalent chromium compounds. J. Inorg. Biochem., 102 (11), 1986–1990. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18774175 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Geohas, J., et al. 2007. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Med. Sci., 333 (3), 145–153. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17496732 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Broadhurst, C., & Domenico, P. 2006. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus — a review. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 677–687. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109600 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Chen, G., et al. 2006. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Mol. Endocrinol., 20 (4), 857–870. URL: http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/4/857 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Pattar, G., et al. 2006. Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions. Mutat. Res., 610 (1–2), 93–100. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16870493 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss H., et al. 2001. Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 223 (1–2), 95–102. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681727 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss, H., et al. 2000. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: A pilot study. J. Med., 31 (5–6), 227–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11508317 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Crawford, V., et al. 1999. Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diab. Obes. Metabol., 1 (6), 331–337. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11225649 (accessed 12.09.2008).

McCarty, M. 1995. Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Med. Hypotheses, 45 (3), 241–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569546 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Wilson, B., & Gondy, A. 1995. Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Diabet. Res. Clin. Pract., 28 (3), 179–184. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8529496 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Grant, K. et al. 1997. Chromium and exercise training: Effect on obese women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 29 (8), 992–998. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9268955 (accessed 12.09.2008).

 

Citrus bioflavonoids

Benavente–García, O., & Castillo, J. 2008. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56 (15), 6185–6205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18593176 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Imada, K., et al. 2008. Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy flavonoid, suppresses gene expression and production of aggrecanases-1 and -2 in collagen-induced arthritic mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 373 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541144 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Kometani, T., et al. 2008. Effects of alpha-glucosylhesperidin, a bioactive food material, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 30 (1), 117–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306109 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Morin, B., et al. 2008. The citrus flavonoids hesperetin and nobiletin differentially regulate low density lipoprotein receptor gene transcription in HepG2 liver cells. J. Nutr., 138 (7), 1274–1281. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567747 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Zielińska–Przyjemska, M., & Ignatowicz, E. 2008. Citrus fruit flavonoids influence on neutrophil apoptosis and oxidative metabolism. Phytother. Res., 22 (12), 1557–1562. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803250 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Benavente–García, O., et al. 2007. Beneficial action of Citrus flavonoids on multiple cancer-related biological pathways. Cur. Cancer Drug Targets, 7 (8), 795–809. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220529 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Murakami, A., et al. 2007. Citrus nobiletin suppresses bone loss in ovariectomized ddY mice and collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice: Possible involvement of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)–induced osteoclastogenesis regulation. Biofactors, 30 (3), 179–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18525112 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Cervantes–Laurean, D., et al. 2006. Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation on collagen by rutin and its metabolites. J. Nutr. Biochem., 17 (8), 531–540. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443355 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Kawaguchi, K., et al. 2006. Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by oral administration of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin. Planta Med., 72 (5), 477–479. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557465 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Wong, R., & Rabie, A. 2006. Effect of naringin collagen graft on bone formation. Biomaterials, 27 (9), 1824–1831. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310246 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Hoensch, H., & Kirch, W. 2005. Potential role of flavonoids in the prevention of intestinal neoplasia: A review of their mode of action and their clinical perspectives. Int. J. Gastrointest. Cancer, 35 (3), 187–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16110120 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Le Marchand, L. 2002. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids — a review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 56 (6), 296–301. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224601 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Guthrie, N., & Carroll, K. 1998. Inhibition of mammary cancer by citrus flavonoids. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 439, 227–236. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781306 (accessed 12.17.2008).

So, F., et al. 1996. Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices. Nutr. Cancer, 26 (2), 167–181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8875554 (accessed 12.17.2008).

 

Copper

Harvey, L., & McArdle, H. 2008. Biomarkers of copper status: A brief update. Br. J. Nutr., 99 (Suppl. 3), S10–S13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598583 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lakatos, B., et al. 2004. [The role of essential metal ions in the human organism and their oral supplementation to the human body in deficiency states.] Orv. Hetil., 145 (25), 1315–1319. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285149 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Roughead, Z., & Lukaski, H. 2003. Inadequate copper intake reduces serum insulin-like growth factor-I and bone strength in growing rats fed graded amounts of copper and zinc. J. Nutr., 133 (2), 442–448. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/2/442 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lowe, N., et al. 2002. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133199 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Milne, D., et al. 2001. Low dietary zinc alters indices of copper function and status in postmenopausal women. Nutrition, 17 (9), 701–708. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527655 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Rico, H., et al. 2000. The effect of supplemental copper on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Menopause, 7 (6), 413–416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127764 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Baker, A., et al. 1999. Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 53, 408–412. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369498 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Linder, M., & Hazegh–Azam, M. 1996. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (5), 797S–811S. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/5/797S (accessed 12.16.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Strain, J. 1988. A reassessment of diet and osteoporosis — possible role for copper. Med. Hypotheses, 27 (4), 333–338. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3067062 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Strause, L., et al. 1986. Effects of long-term dietary manganese and copper deficiency on rat skeleton. J. Nutr., 116 (1), 135–141. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/116/1/135 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Solomons, N. 1985. Biochemical, metabolic, and clinical role of copper in human nutrition. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 4 (1), 83–105. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3921587 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Williams, D. 1983. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin. Hematol., 20 (2), 118–128. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410510 (accessed 12.16.2008).

 

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Bischoff-Ferrari, H., et al. 2009. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos. Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957164 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Aloia, J., et al. 2008. Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (6), 1952–1958. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541590 (accessed 06.10.2008)

Brown, S. 2008. Vitamin D and fracture reduction: An evaluation of the existing research. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (1), 21–33. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377100 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cannell, J., et al. 2008. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 9 (1), 107–118. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076342 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cannell, J., & Hollis, B. 2008. Use of vitamin D in clinical practice. Altern Med Rev., 13 (1), 6–20. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377099 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cantorna, M. 2008. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Nutr. Rev., 66 (10 Suppl. 2), S135-S138. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844840 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Gigante, A., et al. 2008. Vitamin K and D association stimulates in vitro osteoblast differentiation of fracture site derived human mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 22 (1), 35–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394316 (accessed 01.02.2009).

Jacobs, E., et al. 2008. Vitamin D insufficiency in southern Arizona. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (3), 608–613. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326598 (accessed 09.02.2008).

Looker, A., & Mussolino, M. 2008. Serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D and hip fracture risk in older US white adults. J. Bone Miner. Res., 23 (1), 143–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907920 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Maalouf, J., et al. 2008. Short- and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93 (7), 2693–2701. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445674 (accessed 06.10.2008).

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. 2008. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Vitamin D. URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp#h2 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Norman, A. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: Fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine essential for good health. Am.J. Clin. Nutr, 88 (2), 491S–499S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689389 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Palomar, X., et al. 2008. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 10 (3), 185–197. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269634 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Vasquez, A., & Stone, M. 2008. Vitamin D: How much is enough and how much is too much? Institute of Functional Medicine Fall Webinar Series.

Anastossios, G., et al. 2007. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92 (6), 2017–2029. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/6/2017 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H. 2007. Vitamin D and muscle function. Int. Congress Series, 1297, 143–147. URL (abstract): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7581-4NCDMP3-P&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_alid=841581049&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=12913&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=4&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1c596945a4fae4915ef977b8cbd17af8 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Broe, K., et al. 2007. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: A randomized, multiple-dose study. JAGS, 55 (2), 234–239. URL: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553365 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Gorham, E., et al. 2007. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: A quantitative meta analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med., 32 (3), 210–216. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296473 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Hathcock, J., et al. 2007. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (1), 6–18. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/6 (accessed 09.02.2008).

Holick, M. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM, 357 (3), 266–281. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/3/266 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Knight, J., et al. 2007. Vitamin D and reduced risk of breast cancer: A population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (3), 422–429. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/16/3/422.long (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lappe, J., et al. 2007. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (6), 1586–1591. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/1586 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Pendás–Franco, N., et al. 2007. Vitamin D regulates the phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Differentiation, 75 (3), 193–207. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17288543 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Robien, K., et al. 2007. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control, 18 (7), 775–782. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549593 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2006. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84 (4), 18–28. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/18 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Finkelstein, J. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women — Bone appétit? NEJM, 354 (7), 750–752. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/750 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Francis, R., et al. 2006. Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. QJM, 99 (6), 355–363. URL: http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/6/355 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Garland, et al. 2006. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am. J. Public Health, 96 (2), 252–261. URL: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/96/2/252 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Jackson, et al. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. NEJM, 354 (7) 669–683. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/669 (accessed 09.03.2008).

  Correction to Jackson et al., NEJM, 354 (7) 669-683. February 16, 2006. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/10/2285 (accessed 05.23.2006).

  Correction to Jackson et al., NEJM, 354 (7) 669-683. May 25, 2006. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/21/2285 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Javaid, M., et al. 2006. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: A longitudinal study. The Lancet, 369 (9504), 36–43. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399151 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Norman, A. 2006. Minireview: Vitamin D receptor: New assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 147 (12), 5542–5548. URL: http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/12/5542 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Snijder, M. et al. 2006. Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2980–2985. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/8/2980 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Wolpowitz, D., & Gilchrest, B. 2006. The vitamin D questions: How much do you need and how should you get it? J. Am. Acad. Derm., 54 (2), 301-317. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443061 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Andersen, R., et al. 2005. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 59 (4), 533-541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714215 (accessed 09.03.2008).et al. 2005. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (11), 1246–1252. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/11/1246 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2005. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 293 (18), 2257–2264. Review. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/18/2257 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2005. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 53 (6), 821–826. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16342101 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Dawson–Hughes, B. 2005.The role of vitamin D in fracture prevention. BoneKey-Osteovision, 2 (4), 6–10. URL: http://www.bonekey-ibms.org/cgi/reprint/ibmske;2/4/6 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Flicker, L., et al. 2005. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. J. Am. Geriatrics Soc., 53 (11), 1881. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274368 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Giovannucci, E. 2005. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: A review (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 16 (2), 83–95. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868450 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Gorham, E., et al. 2005. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 97 (1–2), 179–194. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236494 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Liu, S., et al. 2005. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes Care, 28 (12), 2926–2932. URL; http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/12/2926 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Moore, C., et al. 2005. Vitamin D intakes by children and adults in the United States differ among ethnic groups. J. Nutr., 135 (10), 2478–2485. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/10/2478 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Sato, Y., et al. 2005. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res., 20 (8), 1327–1333. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007329 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Steingrimsdottir, L., et al. 2005. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA, 294 (18), 2336–2341. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/18/2336 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Armas, L., et al. 2004. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (11), 5387–5391. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/11/5387 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2004. Effect of vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 291 (16), 1999–2006. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/16/1999 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2004. Higher 25–hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > 60 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (3), 752–758. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/752 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Chiu, K., et al. 2004. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (5), 820–825 URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/5/820 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Holick, M. 2004. Vitamin D: Importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (3), 362–371. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/3/362 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Parikh, S. 2004. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (3), 1196–1199. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1196 (accessed 05.26.2006).

VanAmerongen, B., et al. 2004. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: An update. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (8), 1095–1109. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15054436 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vasquez, A., et al. 2004. The clinical importance of vitamin D (cholecalciferol): A paradigm shift with implications for all healthcare providers. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 10 (5), 28–36. URL (PDF): http://www.chineseherbacademy.org/Vitamin_D.pdf (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vieth, R. 2004. Why the optimal requirement for vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 89–90 (1–5), 575–579. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15225842 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Vieth, R., et al. 2004. Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutrition J., 3 (1), 8. URL: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/8 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Bischoff, H., et al. 2003. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: A randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Min. Res., 18 (2), 1999–2006. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/16/1999 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Borissova, A., et al. 2003. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 57 (4), 258–261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800453 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Grau, M., et al. 2003. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: Results of a randomized trial. J. Nat. Canc. Inst., 95 (23), 1765–1771. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/23/1765 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (2), 142–146. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/142 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (1), 204–210. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/1/204 (accessed 09.05.2008).

Malabanan, A., & Holick, M. 2003. Vitamin D and bone health in postmenopausal women. J. Women’s Health (Larchmt.), 12 (2), 151–156. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737713 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Trivedi, D., et al. 2003. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: Randomised double-blind controlled trial. BMJ, 326 (7387), 469. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7387/469 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 2002. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: Confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk. The Decalyos II study. Osteoporos. Int., 13 (3), 257–264. URL (accessed 01.13.2009). URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991447 (accessed 01.13.2009).

European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate–General. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out157/_en.pdf (accessed 09.03.2008).

Janssen, H., et al. 2002. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75 (4), 611–615. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/4/611 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Sigmund, C. 2002. Regulation of renin expression and blood pressure by vitamin D(3). J. Clin. Invest., 110 (2), 155–156. URL: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/16160 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Chatterjee, M. 2001. Vitamin D and genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 69–87. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295155 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Pfeifer, M., et al. 2001. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86 (4), 1633–1637. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/4/1633 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Sato, Y., et al. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of hip fractures among disabled elderly stroke patients. Stroke, 32 (7), 1673–1677. URL: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/7/1673 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Vieth, R., et al. 2001. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (2), 288–294. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/288 (accessed 09.10.2008).

Glerup, H., et al. 2000. Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J. Int. Med., 247 (2), 260–268. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10692090 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Platz, E., et al. 2000. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum. Cancer Epidem. Biomark. Prev., 9 (10), 1059–1065. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/10/1059 (accessed 12.11.2008).

John, E., et al. 1999. Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: The NHANES I Epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1975 to 1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 8 (5), 399–406. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/5/399 (accessed 12.11.2008).

LeBoff, M., et al. 1999. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA, 281 (16), 1505–1511. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/16/1505 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vieth, R. 1999. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (5), 842–856. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/842 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Boucher, B. 1998. Inadequate vitamin D status: Does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’? Br. J. Nutr., 79 (4), 315–327. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624222 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Lansdowne, A., & Provost, S. 1998. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 135 (4), 319–323. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539254 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Dawson–Hughes, B., et al. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. NEJM, 337 (10), 670–676. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/337/10/670 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Holick, M. 1995. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61 (Suppl.), 638–645. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/3/638S.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1994. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ, 308 (6936), 1081–1082. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/308/6936/1081 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Need, A., et al. 1993. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (6), 882–885. URL: (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/58/6/882.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. NEJM, 327 (23), 1637–1642. URL (abstract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/23/1637 (accessed 01.13.2009).

 

Vitamin E

Bist, R., & Bhatt, D. 2008. The evaluation of effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation, gamma-amino butyric acid and serotonin level in the brain of mice (Mus musculus) acutely intoxicated with lindane. J. Neurol. Sci. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950802 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Chuin, A., et al. 2008. Effect of antioxidants combined to resistance training on BMD in elderly women: A pilot study. Osteoporos. Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020919 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Hermizi, H., et al. 2008. Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague–Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation. Calcif. Tissue Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020790 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Maïmoun, L., et al. 2008. Effect of antioxidants and exercise on bone metabolism. J. Sports Sci., 26 (3), 251–258. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18074298 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Rao, C., & Vijayakumar, M. 2008. Effect of quercetin, flavonoids and alpha-tocopherol, an antioxidant vitamin, on experimental reflux oesophagitis in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 589 (1–3), 233–238. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547560 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Wambi, C., et al. 2008. Dietary antioxidants protect hematopoietic cells and improve animal survival after total-body irradiation. Radiat. Res., 169 (4), 384–396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363433 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Farombi, E., & Onyema, O. 2006. Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: Modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetin. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 25 (5), 251–259. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758767 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Robinson, I., et al. 2006. Vitamin E in humans: An explanation of clinical trial failure. Endocr. Pract., 12 (5), 576–582. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17002935 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Soylu, A., et al. 2006. Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 12 (42), 6835–6841. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106933 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Lee, I., et al. 2005. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women’s Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 294 (1), 56–65. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/1/56 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Miller, E., et al. 2005. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann. Intern. Med.,142 (1), 37–46. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537682 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Shekelle, P., et al. 2004. Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 19 (4), 380–389. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15061748 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Maggio, D., et al. 2003. Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: Results of a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 88 (4), 1523–1527. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1523 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Semba, R., et al. 2003. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 15 (6), 482–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14959951 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Helmy, M., et al. 2001. Antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid disease. A preliminary study. Arzneimittelforschung, 51, 293–298. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11367869 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Klipstein–Grobusch, K., et al. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial disease: The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154 (2), 145–149. URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/145 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Christen, W., et al. 2000. Design of Physicians’ Health Study II — a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Ann. Epidemiol., 10 (2), 125–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691066 (accessed 12.18.2008).

De la Fuente, M., et al. 2000. Changes in macrophage and lymphocyte functions in guinea-pigs after different amounts of vitamin E ingestion. Br. J. Nutr., 84 (1), 25–29. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10961157 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Moriguchi, S., & Muraga, M. 2000. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam Horm., 59, 305-336. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10714244 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Pryor, W. 2000. Vitamin E and heart disease: basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28 (1), 141-164. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656300 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Stahl, W., et al. 2000. Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71 (3), 795–798. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/3/795 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Jacques, P. 1999. The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 69 (3), 198–205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10389028 (accessed 12.21.2008).

De la Fuente M, et al. 1998. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 76 (4), 373–380. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9795745 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Moriguchi, S. 1998. The role of vitamin E in T-cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging. Biofactors, 7 (1–2), 77–86. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9523031 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Urano, S., et al. 1998. Aging and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Biofactors, 7 (1–2), 103–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9523034 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Beharka, A., et al. 1997. Vitamin E status and immune function. Methods Enzymol., 282, 247–263. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330293 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Edmonds, S., et al. 1997. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 56 (11), 649–655. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9462166 (accessed 12.18.2008).

McAlindon, T., et al. 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis. Rheum., 39 (4), 648–656. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Nachbar, F., & Korting, H. 1995. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J. Mol. Med., 73 (1), 7–17. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7633944 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Meydani, S., et al. 1990. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52 (3), 557-563. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/52/3/557 (accessed 12.18.2008).

 

Glutamic acid

Yeh, C.-L., et al. 2006. Effect of glutamine on cellular adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte transmigration in endothelial cells stimulated by plasma or peritoneal drain fluid from a surgical patient. Shock, 25 (3), 236-240. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552354 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Yeh, S.-L., et al. 2004. Effects of glutamine supplementation on innate immune response in rats with gut-derived sepsis. Br. J. Nutr., 91 (3), 426–429. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15005828 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Buchman, A. 2001. Glutamine: Commercially essential or conditionally essential? A critical appraisal of the human data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74 (1), 25-32. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/74/1/25 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Garattini, S., et al. 2000. Glutamic acid, twenty years later. J. Nutr., 130 (4), 901S–909S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/901S (accessed 11.20.2009).

Haisch, M., et al. 2000. Oxidation of glutamine by the splanchnic bed in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 278 (4), E593–E602. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/278/4/E593 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Kudsk, K., et al. 2000. Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition maintains intestinal interleukin-4 and mucosal immunoglobulin A levels. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 24 (5), 270-274; discussion 274-275. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11011781 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Buchman, A. 1999. Glutamine for the gut: Mystical poperties or an ordinary amino acid? Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 1 (5), 417–423. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10980981 (accessed 12.01.2009).

[No authors listed.] 1993. Glutamine in parenteral solutions enhances intestinal mucosal immune function in rats. Nutr. Rev., 51 (5), 152–155. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098788 (accessed 12.01.2009).

van der Hulst, R., et al. 1993. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 341 (8857), 1363–1365. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098788 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Souba, W. 1991. Glutamine: A key substrate for the splanchnic bed. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 11, 285-308. URL: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.001441 (accesessed 12.01.2009).

Klimberg, V., et al. 1990. Oral glutamine accelerates healing of the small intestine and improves outcome after whole abdominal radiation. Arch. Surg., 125 (8), 1040-1045. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2378557 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Souba, W., et al. 1990. Gut glutamine metabolism. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 14 (4 Suppl.), 45S–50S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205731 (accessed 12.01.2009).

 

Inositol

Villeneuve, M., et al. 2009. Hyperinsulinemia is closely related to low urinary clearance of D-chiro-inositol in men with a wide range of insulin sensitivity. Metabolism, 58 (1), 62–68. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059532 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Baillargeon, J., et al. 2008. Greek hyperinsulinemic women, with or without polycystic ovary syndrome, display altered inositols metabolism. Hum. Reprod., 23 (6), 1439–1446. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375940 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Cheang, K, et al. 2008. Insulin-stimulated release of D-chiro-inositol-containing inositolphosphoglycan mediator correlates with insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 57 (10), 1390–1397. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803944 (accessed 12.19.2008).

López-González, A., et al. 2008. Phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and risk factors for osteoporosis. J. Med. Food, 11 (4), 747-752. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053869 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Minozzi, M., et al. 2008. Treatment of hirsutism with myo-inositol: A prospective clinical study. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 17 (4), 579–582. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854115 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Saeed, S., et al. 2007. Herbal and dietary supplements for treatment of anxiety disorders. Am. Fam. Physician, 76 (4), 549–556. URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070815/549.html (accessed 12.19.2008).

Baillargeon, J., et al. 2006. Altered D-chiro-inositol urinary clearance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care, 29 (2), 300–305. URL: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/2/300 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jorm, A., et al. 2004. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Med. J. Aust., 181 (7 Suppl.), S29–S46. URL: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_07_041004/jor10845_fm.html (accessed 12.19.2008).

Shen, X., et al. 2003. Modulation of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes by inositol polyphosphates. Science, 299 (5603), 112–114. URL (registration required): http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5603/112 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Steger, D., et al. 2003. Regulation of chromatin remodelling by inositol polyphosphates. Science, 299 (5603), 114–116. URL (registration required): http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;299/5603/114 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nick, G. 2004. Inositol as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: A scientific evaluation of its clinical effectiveness. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. October. URL: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_255/ai_n6211958 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nemets, B., et al. 2002. Myo-inositol has no beneficial effect on premenstrual dysphoric disorder. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 3 (3), 147–149. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478879 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Palatnik, A., et al. 2001. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 21 (3), 335–339. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386498 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fux, M., et al. 1999. Inositol versus placebo augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A double-blind cross-over study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2, 193–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281989 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Levine J. 1997. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 7 (2), 147–155. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9169302 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fux, M., et al. 1996. Inositol treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 153 (9), 1219–1221. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780431 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Benjamin, J., et al. 1995. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 1084–1086. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7793450 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Iodine & iodide

Caldwell, K., et al. 2008. Iodine status of the US Population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Thyroid, 18 (11), 1207–1214. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Patrick, L. 2008. Iodine: Deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 13 (2), 116–127. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fuge, R. 2007. Iodine deficiency: An ancient problem in a modern world. Ambio., 36 (1), 70–72. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408193 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hollowell, J., & Haddow, J. 2007. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America. Public Health Nutr., 10 (12A), 1532–1539; discussion 1540–1541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053275 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Pearce, E. 2007. National trends in iodine nutrition: Is everyone getting enough? Thyroid, 17 (9), 823–827. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956156 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Ren, F., et al. 2007. Effects of selenium and iodine deficiency on bone, cartilage growth plate and chondrocyte differentiation in two generations of rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15 (10), 1171–1177. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17490897 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hoption Cann, S. 2006. Hypothesis: Dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 25 (1), 1–11. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/25/1/1 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2006. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: Status and perspectives. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 155 (2), 219-228. URL: http://eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/155/2/219 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Moreno-Reyes, R., et al. 2006. Iodine deficiency mitigates growth retardation and osteopenia in selenium-deficient rats. J. Nutr., 136 (3), 595–600. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/3/595 (accessed 12019.2008).

Teng, W., et al. 2006. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. NEJM, 354 (26), 2783–2793. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2783 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Utiger, R. 2006. Iodine nutrition — more is better. NEJM, 354 (26), 2819–2821. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2819 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Caldwell, K., et al. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Thyroid, 15 (7), 692–699. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Mann, J., & Aitken, E. 2003. The re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand? J. NZ Med. Assoc., 116 (1170). URL: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/116-1170/351/ (accessed 01.04.2009).

Soldin, O., et al. 2003. Urinary iodine percentile ranges in the United States. Clin. Chim. Acta, 328 (1-2), 185–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12559616 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Bülow Pedersen, I., et al. 2002. Large differences in incidences of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism associated with a small difference in iodine intake: A prospective comparative register-based population survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87 (10), 4462–4469. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/10/4462 (accessed 12.19.2008).

De Benoist, B., & Delange, F. 2002. [Iodine deficiency: Current situation and future prospects.] Santé, 12 (1), 9–17. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11943633 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Delange, F. 2002. Iodine deficiency in Europe and its consequences: An update. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 29 (Suppl. 2), S404–S416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396704 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Delange, F., et al. 2002. World status of monitoring iodine deficiency disorders control programs. Thyroid, 12 (10), 915–924. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12494927 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Shealy, C., et al. 2002. Correction of low body temperature with iodine supplementation. Front. Perspect., 11 (1), 6–8. URL (PDF): www.iodine4health.com/research/shealy_2002_low_body_temperature.pdf (accessed 12.18.2008).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2001. Environmental iodine intake affects the type of nonmalignant thyroid disease. Thyroid, 11 (5), 457-469. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396704 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hetzel, B. 2000. Iodine and neuropsychological development. J. Nutr., 130 (2S Suppl.), 493S–495S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/2/493S (accessed 12.18.2008).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2000. Thyroid disorders in mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid, 10 (11), 951–963. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128722 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Vitti, P., et al. 2001. Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe. Public Health Nutr., 4 (2B), 529-535. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11683547 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Lee, K., et al. 1999. Too much versus too little: The implications of current iodine intake in the United States. Nutr. Rev., 57 (6), 177–181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10439630 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Hollowell, J., et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: Iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (10), 3401–3408. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/10/3401 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Dunn, J. 1996. Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81 (4), 1332–1335. URL (accessed 12.19.2008).

Dunn, J. 1993. Iodine supplementation and the prevention of cretinism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 678, 158–168. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8494259 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Vitamin K

Bügel, S. 2008. Vitamin K and bone health in adult humans. Vitam Horm., 78, 393-416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374202 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Cheung, A., et al. 2008. Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med., 5 (10), 1–12. URL http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18922041 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Cranenburg, E., et al. 2008. The circulating form of matrix Gla protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification. J. Vasc. Res., 45 (5), 427–436. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401181 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Gigante, A., et al. 2008. Vitamin K and D association stimulates in vitro osteoblast differentiation of fracture site derived human mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 22 (1), 35–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394316 (accessed 01.02.2009).

Lanham–New, S. 2008. Importance of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 163–176. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412990 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Nimptsch, K., et al. 2008. Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC–Heidelberg). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (4), 985–992. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18400723 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Van Summeren, M., et al. 2008. Vitamin K status is associated with childhood bone mineral content. Br. J. Nutr., 100 (4), 852–858. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279558 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Cranenburg, E., et al. 2007. Vitamin K: The coagulation vitamin that became omnipotent. Thromb. Haemost., 98 (1), 120–125. URL: http://www.schattauer.de/index.php?id=1268&no_cache=1&download=0&article=21108 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Hara, K., & Akiyama, Y. 2007. [Vitamin K and bone quality.] Clin. Calcium, 17 (11), 1678–1684. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982187 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Grobbee, D., & van der Graaf, Y. 2007. Vitamin K intake and calcifications in breast arteries. Maturitas, 56, 273–279. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010542 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lee, N., et al. 2007. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell, 130 (3), 456–469. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17693256 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Pearson, D. 2007. Bone health and osteoporosis: The role of vitamin K and potential antagonism by anticoagulants. Nutr. Clin. Pract., 22 (5), 517–544. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906277 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Schurgers, L., et al. 2007. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: Comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood, 109 (8), 3279–3283. URL: http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/8/3279 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Cockayne, S., et al. 2006. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med., 166 (12), 1256–1261. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1256 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Ikeda, Y., et al. 2006. Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. J. Nutr., 136 (5), 1323–1328. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/5/1323 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Kaneki, M., et al. 2006. Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: Protector of bone health and beyond? Nutrition, 22 (7-8), 845–852. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16815498 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Adams, J., & Pepping, J. 2005. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm, 62 (15), 1574–1581. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030366 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Geleijnse, J., et al. 2004. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam Study. J. Nutr., 134 (11), 3100–3105. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/11/3100 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vermeer, C., et al. 2004. Beyond deficiency: Potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur. J. Nutr., 43 (6), 325–335. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309455 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Booth, S., et al. 2003. Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (2), 512–516. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/2/512 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Takahashi, M., et al. 2001. Effect of vitamin K and/or D on undercarboxylated and intact osteocalcin in osteoporotic patients with vertebral or hip fractures. Clin. Endocrin., 54 (2), 219–224. URL (abstract): http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=891553 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Feskanich, D., et al. 1999. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: A prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (1), 74–79. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/1/74 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Jie, K., et al. 1995. Vitamin K intake and osteocalcin levels in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: A population-based study. Atherosclerosis, 116 (1), 117-123. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7488326 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hodges, S., et al. 1993. Circulating levels of vitamins K1 and K2 decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. J. Bone Miner. Res., 8 (10), 1241–1245. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8256661 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Szulc, P., et al. 2003. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J. Clin. Invest., 91 (4), 1769–1774. URL (PDF): http://www.jci.org/articles/view/116387/pdf (accessed 12.12.2008).

 

L–lysine

Tomé, D., & Bos, C. 2007. Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. J. Nutr., 137 (6 Suppl. 2), 1642S–1645S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/6/1642S (accessed 12.30.2008).

Flakoll, P., et al. 2004. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition, 20 (5), 445–451. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105032 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Datta, D., et al. 2001. Lysine: Is it worth more? Cytotechnology, 36 (1–3), 3–32. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003311 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Tipton, K., et al. 1999. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. Endo. Met., 276 (4 Pt. 1), E628–E634. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/276/4/E628 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Sulochana, K., et al. 1998. Beneficial effect of lysine and amino acids on cataractogenesis in experimental diabetes through possible antiglycation of lens proteins. Exp. Eye Res., 67 (5), 597–601. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9878222 (accessed 12.30.2008).

 

Magnesium

Bergman, C., et al. 2009. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: Phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 49 (2), 136–144. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18989832 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Odabasi, E., et al. 2008. Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis? Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 37 (7), 564–567. URL (PDF): http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo7Jul2008/V37N7p564.pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hunt, C., & Johnson, L. 2006. Magnesium requirements: New estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of metabolic magnesium balance data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84 (4), 843–852. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/4/843 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 2006. Reduction of dietary magnesium by only 50% in the rat disrupts bone and mineral metabolism. Osteoporos. Int., 17 (7), 1022–1032. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601920 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Moshfegh, A., et al. 2005. What we eat in America, NHANES 2001–2002: Usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. URL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/usualintaketables2001-02.pdf (accessed 05.13.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 2005. Dietary magnesium reduction to 25% of nutrient requirement disrupts bone and mineral metabolism in the rat. Bone, 37 (2), 211–219. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923157 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Nielsen, F., & Milne, D. 2004. A moderately high intake compared to a low intake of zinc depresses magnesium balance and alters indices of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58, 703–710. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116072 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Walker, A., et al. 2003. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes. Res., 16 (3), 183–191. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14596323 (accessed 01.02.2009).

Hartwig, A. 2001. Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 113–121. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295157 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Creedon, A., et al. 1999. The effect of moderately and severely restricted dietary magnesium intakes on bone composition and bone metabolism in the rat. Br. J. Nutr., 82 (1), 63–71. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10655958 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 1999. Magnesium deficiency-induced osteoporosis in the rat: Uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption. Magnes. Res., 14 (4), 257–267. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10612083 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Shivakumar, K., & Kumar, B. 1997. Magnesium deficiency enhances oxidative stress and collagen synthesis in vivo in the aorta of rats. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 29 (11), 1273–1278. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9451824 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Pennington, J. 1996. Intakes of minerals from diets and foods: Is there a need for concern? J. Nutr., 126 (9 Suppl.), 2304S–2308S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/126/9_Suppl/2304S (accessed 05.13.2008).

Dreosti, I. 1995. Magnesium status and health. Nutr. Rev., 53 (9 Pt. 2), S23–S27. URL [no abstract available]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577414 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Sojka, J., & Weaver, C. 1995. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr. Rev., 53 (3), 71–74. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577414 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Abbott, L., & Rude, R. 1993. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 19 (4–5), 314–322. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8264519 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Paunier, L. 1992. Effect of magnesium on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd., 140 (9 Suppl. 1), S17–S20. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331782 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Mountokalakis, T. 1987. Effects of aging, chronic disease, and multiple supplements on magnesium requirements. Magnesium, 6 (1), 5-11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3821176 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Iseri, L., & French, J. 1984. Magnesium: Nature’s physiologic calcium blocker. Am. Heart J., 108, 188–193.

Cohen, L., & Kitzes, R. 1981. Infrared spectroscopy and magnesium content of bone mineral in osteoporotic women. Israel J. Med. Sci., 17, 1123–1125. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7327911 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Seelig, M. 1980. Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease. New York: Plenum Press. URL: http://www.mgwater.com/Seelig/Magnesium-Deficiency-in-the-Pathogenesis-of-Disease/preface.shtml (accessed 05.12.2008).

 

Manganese

Bae, Y., & Kim, M. 2008. Manganese supplementation improves mineral density of the spine and femur and serum osteocalcin in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 124 (1), 28–34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330520 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Lüthen, F., et al. 2007. Influence of manganese ions on cellular behavior of human osteoblasts in vitro. Biomol. Eng., 24 (5), 531-536. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17884722 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Palacios, C. 2006. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 46 (8), 621–628. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092827 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Rico, H. et al. 2000. Effects on bone loss of manganese alone or with copper supplement in ovariectomized rats. A morphometric and densitomeric study. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 90 (1), 97–101. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767519 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Greger, J. 1998. Dietary standards for manganese: Overlap between nutritional and toxicological studies. J. Nutr., 128 (2), 368S–371S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/128/2/368S (accessed 05.13.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Pennington, J., & Young, B. 1991. Total Diet Study nutritional elements 1982–1989. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 91 (2), 179–183. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1991931 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Slemenda, C., et al. 1990. Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. A prospective study of clinical data using photon absorptiometry. Ann. Intern. Med., 112 (2), 96-101. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294827 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Freeland–Graves, J., et al. 1988. Metabolic balance of manganese in young men consuming diets containing five levels of dietary manganese. J. Nutr., 118 (6), 764–773. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/118/6/764 (accessed 05.28.2008).

Reginster, J.Y., et al. 1988. Trace elements and postmenopausal osteoporosis: A preliminary study of decreased serum manganese. Med. Sci. Res., 16, 337–338.

Freeland–Graves, J., et al. 1987. “Manganese requirements of humans.” In Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese. ed. C. Keys. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.

Hallfrisch, J., et al. 1987. Mineral balances of men and women consuming high-fiber diets with complex or simple carbohydrate. J. Nutr., 117 (1), 48–55. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/117/1/48 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Strause, L., et al. 1987. The effect of deficiencies of manganese and copper on osteoinduction and on resorption of bone particles in rats. Calcif. Tissue Int., 41 (3), 145–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3117341 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Strause, L., & Saltman, P. 1987. “Role of manganese in bone metabolism.” In Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese, ed. C. Keys. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.

Raloff, J. 1986. Reasons for boning up on manganese. [Review.] Science News, 130, 199.

Schwartz, R., et al. 1986. Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn from a diet containing bran. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 43 (3), 444–445. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/43/3/444 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Strause, L., et al. 1986. Effects of long-term dietary manganese and copper deficiency on rat skeleton. J. Nutr., 116 (1), 135–141. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/116/1/135 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Ricketts, C., et al. 1985. Manganese and magnesium utilization of humans as affected by level and kind of dietary fat. Fed. Proc., 44, 1850.

 

Molybdenum

Khandare, A., et al. 2005. Beneficial effect of copper supplementation on deposition of fluoride in bone in fluoride- and molybdenum-fed rabbits. Calcif. Tissue Int., 77 (4), 233-238. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16193231 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Parry, N., et al. 1993. Molybdenum-induced changes in the epiphyseal growth plate. Calcif. Tissue Int., 53 (3), 180–186. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8242470 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nielsen, F. 1990. New essential trace elements for the life sciences. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 26–27, 599–611. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1704767 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Zaidi, M. 1990. Modularity of osteoclast behaviour and “mode-specific” inhibition of osteoclast function. Biosci. Rep., 10 (6), 547–556. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2085670 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Federy, P., et al. 1983. The effect of fluorine and molybdenum on some of the mechanical characteristics of the hard tissues in rats kept on a low and on a normal protein diet. J. Int. Assoc. Dent. Child., 14 (1), 9-14. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6581233 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Johnson, R., et al. 1969. Some effects of molybdenum on connective tissue. J. Dent. Res., 48 (6), 1290–1295. URL (PDF): http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/48/6/1290 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jenkins, G. 1967. Molybdenum and dental caries. Brit. Dent. J., 122, 435-441, 500-503, & 545-550.

Van Reen, R., et al. 1967. Trace elements and dental caries: Molybdenum, aluminum, titanium. Helv. Odont. Acta, 11, 53–59.

Stookey, G., & Muhler, J. 1959. Effect of molybdenum on fluoride retention in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., 101, 379–380.

Adler, P. 1957. Experiments with albino rats upon the caries-protective effect of water-borne molybdenum. Odont. Rev., 8, 202–207.

 

Para–aminobenzoic acid

Xavier, S., 2006. The vitamin-like dietary supplement para-aminobenzoic acid enhances the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 65 (2), 517–527. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690434 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Akberova, S. 2002. [New biological properties of p-aminobenzoic acid.] Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Biol. (4), 477–481. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180014 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Kluczyk, A., et al. 2002. Drug evolution: p-aminobenzoic acid as a building block. Curr. Med. Chem., 9 (21), 1871-1892. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12369873 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Drozd, N. 2000. [Antithrombotic activity of para-aminobenzoic acid.] Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 63 (3), 40–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10934595 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Akberova, S., et al. 1999. [Para-aminobenzoic acid — an interferon inducer.] Antibiot. Khimioter., 44 (4), 17–20. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483491 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Biberova, S., et al. 1998. [Para-aminobenzoic acid as an antioxidant.] Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 361 (3), 419-421. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9785016 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Maeda, Y., et al. 1989. The rapid evaluation of intestinal bacterial growth using a conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with para-aminobenzoic acid. J. Pharmacobiodyn., 12 (5), 272-280. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2810016 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Gichner, T., & Velemínský, J. 1988. Inhibitory effects of para-aminobenzoic acid on the formation and mutagenicity of N-nitroso compounds. Mutagenesis, 3 (4), 329–331. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3062321 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Gichner T, et al. 1987. Antimutagenic effect of p-aminobenzoic acid on the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res., 192 (2), 95–98. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3309648 (accessed 12.19.2008).

 

Selenium

Jackson, M., & Combs, G. 2008. Selenium and anticarcinogenesis: Underlying mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 11 (6), 718–726. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827575 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Schnabel, R., et al. 2008. Selenium supplementation improves antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo in patients with coronary artery disease. The Selenium Therapy in Coronary Artery disease Patients (SETCAP) Study. Am. Heart J., 156 (6), 1201: e1–11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033020 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Stazi, A., & Trinti, B. 2008. Selenium deficiency in celiac disease: Risk of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Minerva Med., 99 (6), 643– 653. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034261 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Arnaud, J., et al. 2007. Factors associated with longitudinal plasma selenium decline in the elderly: the EVA study. J. Nutr. Biochem., 18 (7), 482–487. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17142028 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Beck, J., et al. 2007. Low serum selenium concentrations are associated with poor grip strength among older women living in the community. Biofactors, 29 (1), 37–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611292 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Maggini, S., et al. 2007. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br. J. Nutr., 98 (Suppl. 1), S29–S35. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922955 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Ren, F., et al. 2007. Effects of selenium and iodine deficiency on bone, cartilage growth plate and chondrocyte differentiation in two generations of rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15 (10), 1171–1177. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17490897 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Semba, R., et al. 2006. Low serum selenium is associated with anemia among older women living in the community: The Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 112 (2), 97–107. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028376 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Wintergerst, E., et al. 2007. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 51 (4), 301–323. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17726308 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Ray, A., et al. 2006. Low serum selenium and total carotenoids predict mortality among older women living in the community: The women’s health and aging studies. J. Nutr., 136 (1), 172–176. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/1/172 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Andriamanalijaona, R., et al. 2005. Comparative effects of 2 antioxidants, selenomethionine and epigallocatechin-gallate, on catabolic and anabolic gene expression of articular chondrocytes. J. Rheumatol., 32 (10), 1958–1967. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16206353 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Akbaraly, N., et al. 2005. Selenium and mortality in the elderly: Results from the EVA study. Clin. Chem., 51 (11), 2117–2123. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/11/2117 (accessed 12.22.2008).

 

Vanadium

Bordbar, A., et al. 2009. Calorimetric studies of the interaction between the insulin-enhancing drug candidate bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) and human serum apo-transferrin. J. Inorg. Biochem., 103 (4), 643–647. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056126 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Thompson, K., et al. 2009. Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: A view to the future. J. Inorg. Biochem., 103 (4), 554–558. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162329 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Vardatsikos, G., et al. 2009. Bis (maltolato)-oxovanadium (IV)-induced phosphorylation of PKB, GSK-3 and FOXO1 contributes to its glucoregulatory responses (review). Int. J. Mol. Med., 24 (3), 303–309. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639221 (accessed 11.20.2009).

[No author listed.] 2009. Vanadium/vanadyl sulfate. Monograph. Alt. Med. Rev., 14 (2), 177–181. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/14/2/177.pdf (accessed 11.19.2009).

Jacques–Camarena, O., et al. 2008. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 53 (3–4), 195-198. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033682 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mehdi, M., et al. 2006. Insulin signal mimicry as a mechanism for the vanadium. Cell Biochem. Biophys., 44 (1), 73–81. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456236 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mehdi, M., et al. 2006. Involvement of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor and protein kinase Cdelta in bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B in HepG2 cells. Biochemistry, 45 (38), 11605–11615. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi060403x (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H., et al. 2006. Chemistry and biochemistry of insulin-mimetic vanadium and zinc complexes. Trial for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 79 (11), 1645–1664. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bcsj/79/11/1645/_pdf (accessed 11.19.2009).

Willsky, G., et al. 2006. Diabetes-altered gene expression in rat skeletal muscle corrected by oral administration of vanadyl sulfate. Physiol. Genomics, 26 (3), 192–201.URL: http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/26/3/192 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Mehdi, M., & Srivastava, A. 2005. Organo–vanadium compounds are potent activators of the protein kinase B signaling pathway and protein tyrosine phosphorylation: Mechanism of insulinomimesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 440 (2), 158–164. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055077 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Srivastava, A., & Mehdi, M. 2005. Insulino-mimetic and anti-diabetic effects of vanadium compounds. Diab. Med., 22, 2–13.

Winter, C., et al. 2005. A nonspecific phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), improves glucose tolerance and prevents diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Exp. Biol. Med., 230 (3), 207–216. URL: http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/230/3/207 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Heinemann, G., et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of vanadium in humans after intravenous administration of a vanadium containing albumin solution. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 55 (3), 241-245. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884224/?tool=pubmed (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H., et al. 2003. The therapeutic potential of insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs., 12 (7), 1189–1203. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831353 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mohammad, A., et al. 2002. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) inhibits the activity of PTP1B in Zucker rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Mol. Cell Biochem., 229 (1–2), 125–128. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11936837 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H. 2002. A new concept: The use of vanadium complexes in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chem. Rec., 2 (4), 237–248. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12203906 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Bhattacharyya, S., & Tracey, A. 2001. Vanadium(V) complexes in enzyme systems: Aqueous chemistry, inhibition and molecular modeling in inhibitor design. J. Inorg. Biochem., 85 (1), 9-13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11377690 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cusi, K., et al. 2001. Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86 (3), 1410-1417. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/3/1410 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Marzban, L., et al. 2001. In vivo effects of insulin and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) on PKB activity in the skeletal muscle and liver of diabetic rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 223 (1–2), 147–157. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681716 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Shafrir, E., et al. 2001. Treatment of diabetes with vanadium salts: General overview and amelioration of nutritionally induced diabetes in the Psammomys obesus gerbil. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 17 (1), 55–66. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11241892 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Wang, J., et al. 2001. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite. Metabolism, 50 (6), 667–673. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398143 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Wang, J., et al. 2001. Effect of vanadium on insulin and leptin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 218 (1–2), 93–96. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330843 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Beliaeva, N., et al. 2000. [Vanadium compounds — a new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.] Vopr. Med. Khim., 46 (4), 344–360. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cam, M., et al. 2000. Mechanisms of vanadium action: Insulin-mimetic or insulin-enhancing agent? Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 78 (10), 829–847. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11077984 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Goldfine, A., et al. 2000. Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism, 49 (3), 400–410. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10726921 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Badmaev, V., et al. 1999. Vanadium: A review of its potential role in the fight against diabetes. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 5 (3), 273-291. Review. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381252 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Barceloux, D. 1999. Vanadium. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37 (2), 265-278. Review. [Erratum in: J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 2000;38(7):813.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382561 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Pandey, S., et al. 1999. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase requirement in activation of the ras/C-raf-1/MEK/ERK and p70(s6k) signaling cascade by the insulinomimetic agent vanadyl sulfate. Biochemistry, 38 (44), 14667–14675. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545192 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Thompson, K. 1999. Vanadium and diabetes. Biofactors, 10 (1), 43–51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475589 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Pandey, S., et al. 1998. Vanadyl sulfate-stimulated glycogen synthesis is associated with activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and is independent of insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Biochemistry, 37 (19), 7006–7014. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9578588 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Poucheret, P., et al. 1998. Vanadium and diabetes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 188 (1–2), 73–80. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823013 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Verma, S., et al. 1998. Nutritional factors that can favorably influence the glucose/insulin system: Vanadium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 17 (1), 11-18. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/17/1/11 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Yuen, V., et al. 1997. Effects of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) are distinct from food restriction in STZ-diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol., 272 (1 Pt. 1), E30–E35. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038848 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Boden, G., et al. 1996. Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 45 (9), 1130-1135. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8781301 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Halberstam, M., et al. 1996. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes, 45 (5), 659-666. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621019 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Sekar, N., et al. 1996. Vanadium salts as insulin substitutes: Mechanisms of action, a scientific and therapeutic tool in diabetes mellitus research. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 31 (5–6), 339–359. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Bosia, S., et al. 1995. [Protective effect on nephropathy and on cataract in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat of the vanadium-lazaroid combination.] G. Ital. Med. Lav., 17 (1–6), 71-75. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Brichard, S., & Henquin, J. 1995. The role of vanadium in the management of diabetes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 16 (8), 265-270. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cohen, N., et al. 1995. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest., 95 (6), 2501-2509. URL: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/117951 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Hamel, F., & Duckworth, W. 1995. The relationship between insulin and vanadium metabolism in insulin target tissues. Mol. Cell Biochem., 153 (1–2), 95–102. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8927053 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Yuen, V., et al. 1995. Comparison of the glucose-lowering properties of vanadyl sulfate and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) following acute and chronic administration. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 73 (1), 55-64. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600453 (acccessed 11.20.2009).

Cam, M., et al. 1993. In vivo antidiabetic actions of naglivan, an organic vanadyl compound in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 20 (2), 111–121. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8375263 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Funakoshi, T., et al. 1992. Anticoagulant action of vanadate. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 40 (1), 174-176. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1576669 (accessed 11.20.2009).

 

Zinc

Nielsen, F. 2008. Marginal zinc deficiency increases magnesium retention and impairs calcium utilization in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 128 (3), 220–231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002387 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hyun, T., et al. 2004. Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (3), 715–721. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/715 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Nielsen, F., & Milne, D. 2004. A moderately high intake compared to a low intake of zinc depresses magnesium balance and alters indices of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (5), 703–710. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15116072 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Gür, A., et al. 2002. The role of trace minerals in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and a new effect of calcitonin. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 20 (1), 39–43. URL ( abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11810415 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Lowe N., et al. 2002. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133199 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Milne, D., et al. 2001. Low dietary zinc alters indices of copper function and status in postmenopausal women. Nutrition, 17 (9), 701–708. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527655 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Kugelmas, M. 2000. Preliminary observation: Oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19 (1), 13–15. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/13 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Elmståhl, S., et al. 1998. Increased incidence of fractures in middle-aged and elderly men with low intakes of phosphorus and zinc. Osteoporos. Int., 8 (4), 333–340. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024903 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1998. Role of zinc in bone formation and bone resorption. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med., 11, 119–35. URL (abstract): http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/37471/abstract (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., & Kishi, S. 1996. Zinc compounds inhibit osteoclast-like cell formation at the earlier stage of rat marrow culture but not osteoclast function. Mol. Cell Biochem., 158 (2), 171–177. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8817479 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Relea, P., et al. 1995. Zinc, biochemical markers of nutrition, and type I osteoporosis. Age Ageing, 24 (4), 303–307. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7484487 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1995. Beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc and bone resorption. Gen. Pharmacol., 26 (6), 1179–1183. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7590105 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1992. The role of zinc as an activator of bone formation. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), Spec. No., 522–525. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1297802 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., & Kitajima, T. 1991. Effect of estrogen on bone metabolism in tissue culture: Enhancement of the steroid effect by zinc. Res. Exp. Med. (Berl.), 191 (2), 145–154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1297802 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Herzberg, M., et al. 1990. Zinc excretion in osteoporotic women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 5 (3), 251–257. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333784 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Wallwork, J., & Sandstead, H. 1990. Zinc. In: Simmons D., ed. Nutrition and bone development, 316–339. NY: Oxford University Press.

Yamaguchi, M., & Matsui, R. 1989. Effect of dipicolinate, a chelator of zinc, on bone protein synthesis in tissue culture. The essential role of zinc. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38 (24), 4485–4489. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2604749 (accessed 12.21.2008)/

Yamaguchi, M., & Oishi, H. 1989. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone metabolism in tissue culture. Enhancement of the steroid effect by zinc. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38 (20), 3453–3459. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818636 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Angus, R., et al. 1988. Dietary intake and bone mineral density. Bone Miner., 4 (3), 265–277. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3191284 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., et al. 1987. Stimulatory effect of zinc on bone formation in tissue culture. Biochem. Pharmacol., 36 (22), 4007–4012. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3689432 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Freudenheim, J., et al. 1986. Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone mineral content of women 35–65 years of age: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 44 (6), 863–876. URL (abstract): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/44/6/863 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Schwartz, R., et al. 1986. Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn from a diet containing bran. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 43 (3), 444–445. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/43/3/444 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Atik, O. 1983. Zinc and senile osteoporosis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 31 (12), 790–791. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6655182 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Dreosti, I. 1980. Trace elements in nutrition. Med. J. Aust., 2 (3), 117–123. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7421677 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Alhava, E., et al. 1977. Zinc content of human cancellous bone. Acta Orthop. Scand., 48 (1), 1–4. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/868476 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Calhoun, N., et al. 1974. The role of zinc in bone metabolism. Clin. Orthop. (103), 212–234. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4213480 (accessed 12.21.2008).
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WheySational™

wheysational
Description
Supplement facts
References

Our exclusive protein-packed shake — with chromium picolinate, CLA and white kidney bean extract

If you are weight loss resistant, it’s hard to find foods that both support your efforts and satisfy your craving for something tasty. One of the keys to successful weight loss is having a go-to shake that’s filling, protein-dense, and easy to prepare.

What is WheySational?

WheySational is the result of our intensive research to find the most health-supporting ingredients for a between-meal treat that gives you the taste and texture you’re looking for in a shake, along with the protein your body craves. With whey protein derived from wholesome milk, our natural WheySational formula also contains cutting-edge components that support your body effectively during the weight loss process.

Our exclusive WheySational is the only shake formula with this powerful combination of weight-loss supporting ingredients. It comes in both naturally-flavored chocolate and vanilla, and in addition to whey protein, it contains these advanced nutrients:

  • Chromium picolinate — a compound that helps balance glucose in the body and maintain efficient insulin activity.
  • Conjugated linoleic acid complex — better known as CLA, this compound supports optimal body composition by helping maintain the body’s most favorable fat-to-lean ratio.
  • White kidney bean extract — this plant-derived ingredient slows enzymatic metabolism and absorption of carbohydrates, and also reduces the speed of enzymatic digestion of starches and sugars.
  • Green tea leaf extract — taken from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, this botanical derivative helps stimulate calorie-burning and decreases body fat, while it contributes to optimal metabolism and weight loss.
  • L-Carnitine — as the biologically active form of carnitine, this compound supports energy formation and active metabolism while it assists the transport of fatty acids from the blood into the cells for energy production.
  • Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus – these probiotic strains promote better absorption of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. They also aid in reducing bloating and gas.

WheySational can:

  • Help satisfy your cravings with ample protein and natural flavorings.
  • Contribute to improved glucose balance and insulin metabolism.
  • Work with your metabolism to support energy production.
  • Support optimal body composition, including the ratio of body fat to lean body mass.

WheySational contains absolutely no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, dyes, or coloring of any kind. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard used for pharmaceutical drugs.


Product References

Women to Women’s WheySational is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, represent a sampling of the research on the constituents of WheySational.

WheySational Claims

KEY to the numerals preceding references, denoting the following claims:

A. Efficacy

1. Provides nutritional support for healthy metabolism.
2. When used in conjunction with a calorically-contained diet (or healthy diet) and exercise, naturally supports a healthy body composition and weight, as well as healthy weight loss.
3. Provides a low glycemic load to encourage healthy insulin function.
4. Assists in reducing food cravings.
5. Helps build lean muscle mass.

B. Safety

C. Other

References

Chromium

A1, A3 Sharma, S., et al. 2011. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA(1)C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetes. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. [Epub ahead of print] URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570271 (accessed 06.20.2011).

A1, C Albarracin, C., et al. 2008. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 24 (1), 41-51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506119 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4 Anton, S., et al. 2008. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 10 (5), 405-412. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753428/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.25.2011).

C Lukaski, H., et al. 2007. Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: Effects on body weight, composition, and iron status. Nutrition, 23 (3), 187-195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291720 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3, C Broadhurst, C., & Domenico, P. 2006. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus — a review. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 677-687. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109600 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Singer, G., & Geohas, J. 2006. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 636-643. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109595 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Wang, Z., et al. 2006. Chromium picolinate enhances skeletal muscle cellular insulin signaling in vivo in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. J. Nutr., 136 (2), 415-420. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/2/415.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4, C Docherty, J., et al. 2005. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: Effect on carbohydrate craving. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 11 (5), 302-314. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184071 (accessed 10.25.2011).

B, C Vincent, J. 2003. The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med., 33 (3), 213-230. URL (abstract): (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3, C Cefalu, W., et al. 2002. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. J. Nutr., 132 (6), 1107–1114. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/6/1107.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

Conjugated linoleic acid

A2, A5, B Thom, E., et al. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J. Int. Med. Res., 29 (5), 392-396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725826 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Pinkoski, C., et al. 2006. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38 (2), 339-348. URL (abstract): (accessed 10.25.2011).

Gaullier JM et al. “Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans.” J Nutr. 2005;135:778-84. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).

Racine NM et al. “Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1157-64. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).

A2, A4, B, C Watras, A., et al. 2007. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain. Int. J. Obes. (Lond)., 31 (3), 481-487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924272 (accessed 10.31.2011).

Haugen, M., & Alexander, J. 2004. [Can linoleic acids in conjugated CLA products reduce overweight problems?]. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen, 124 (23), 3051-3054. URL: http://tidsskriftet.no/article/1110144 (accessed 10.31.2011).

C Larsen, T., et al. 2006. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83 (3), 606-612. URL http://www.ajcn.org/content/83/3/606.long (accessed 10.31.2011).

Terpstra, A. 2004. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (3), 352-361. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/content/79/3/352.full (accessed 10.31.2011).

B, C Whigham, L., et al. 2004. Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans. Food Chem. Toxicol., 42 (10), 1701–1709. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15354322 (accessed 10.31.2011).

A4, C Kamphuis, M., et al. 2003. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (10), 1268-1274. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506488 (accessed 10.31.2011).

A1–A2, C Kamphuis, M., et al. 2003. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 27 (7), 840–847. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821971 (accessed 10.31.2011).

C Kreiger, R., et al. 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J. Strength Cond. Res., 16 (3), 325–334. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173945 (accessed 10.31.2011).

A2, A5, B Thom, E., et al. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J. Int. Med. Res., 29 (5), 392-396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725826 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Phaseolus vulgaris (white kidney bean)

A1 Dominika, Ś., et al. 2011. The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 145 (1), 267-272. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276631 (accessed 10.18.2011).

B, C Geraedts, M., et al. 2011. Intraduodenal administration of intact pea protein effectively reduces food intake in both lean and obese male subjects. PLoS One, 6 (9), e24878. URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024878 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A3–4 Häberer, D., et al. 2011. Intragastric infusion of pea-protein hydrolysate reduces test-meal size in rats more than pea protein. Physiol. Behav., 104 (5), 1041–1047. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763707 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Li, H., et al. 2011. Blood pressure lowering effect of a pea protein hydrolysate in hypertensive rats and humans. J. Ag. Food Chem., 59 (18), 9854–9860. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854068 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, A3 Marinangeli, C., & Jones, P. 2011. Whole and fractionated yellow pea flours reduce fasting insulin and insulin resistance in hypercholesterolaemic and overweight human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 105 (1), 110-117. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807459 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1 Ndiaye, F., et al. 2011. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from yellow field pea seeds. Eur. J. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21442413 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A2–4 Geraedts, M., et al. 2010. Release of satiety hormones in response to specific dietary proteins is different between human and murine small intestinal mucosa. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 56 (4), 308–313. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530962 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Rigamonti, E., et al. 2010. Hypolipidemic effect of dietary pea proteins: Impact on genes regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 54 (Suppl. 1), S24-S30. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20077421 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1 Swiatecka, D., et al. 2010. Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free-swimming and immobilised bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90 (11), 1837-1845. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549652 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A4 Diepvens, K., et al. 2008. Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 32, 510–518. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345020 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Spielmann, J., et al. 2008. Dietary pea protein stimulates bile acid excretion and lowers hepatic cholesterol concentration in rats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 92 (6), 683-693. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012614 (accessed 10.18.2011).

X Whelan, K., et al. 2006. Appetite during consumption of enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition: The effect of supplementing pea-fibre and fructo-oligosaccharides. Br. J. Nutr., 96 (2), 350-356. URL: http://www.limnology-journal.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN96_02%2FS0007114506002133a.pdf&code=d63461b479aa85362cf84720c13bb8d5 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Camellia sinensis (green tea, leaf)

A2 Brown, A., et al. 2011. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: A randomised controlled cross-over trial. Br. J. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736785 (accessed 10.21.2011).

C Jeukendrup, A., & Randell, R. 2011. Fat burners: Nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Obes. Rev., 12 (10), 841-851. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951331 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A3 Sae-tan, S., et al. 2011. Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol. Res., 64 (2), 146-154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193040 (accessed 10.21.2011).

x Reinbach, H., et al. 2009. Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance. Clin. Nutr., 28 (3), 260-265. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.21.2011).

A1–A3 Bose, M., et al. 2008. The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J. Nutr., 138 (9), 1677-83. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/9/1677.long (accessed 10.21.2011).

Boschmann M and Thielecke F. “The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot study.” J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Aug;26(4):389S-395S.

Belza A, Jessen AB. “Bioactive food stimulants of sympathetic activity: effect on 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation.” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;59(6):733-41.

A1–A3 Kovacs, E., et al. 2004. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br. J. Nutr,. 91, 431–437. [CrossRef][Medline]

A1–A3 Nagao, T., et al. 2005. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:122–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

A1–A3 Rumpler W, Seale J, Clevidence B, Judd J, Wiley E, Yamamoto S, Komatsu T, Sawaki T, Ishikura Y, et al. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men. J Nutr. 2001;131:2848–52.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dulloo AG et al. “Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity.” Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Feb;24(2):252-8.

Dulloo AG et al. “Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5.

L-carnitine

Wall BT et al. (2011). J Physiol 589(4):963–973

Ho JY et al. (2010). Metab 59:1190–1199

C Jeukendrup, A., & Randell, R. 2011. Fat burners: Nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Obes. Rev., 12 (10), 841-851. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951331 (accessed 10.25.2011).

B, C Pękala, J., et al. 2011. L-Carnitine — metabolic functions and meaning in humans’ life. Curr. Drug Metab. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561431 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, C Kraemer, W., et al. 2008. L-carnitine supplementation: influence upon physiological function. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 7 (4), 218-223. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607224 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Spiering BA et al. (2008). J. Strength Cond Res 22(4):1130–1135

Volek JS et al. (2008). Am J Cardiol 102:1413–1417

World Health Organization (2007). www.who.int/features/factfiles/ageing/en/index.html

Spiering BA et al. (2007). J Strength Cond Res 21(1):259–264

Kraemer WJ et al. (2006). Med Sci Sports Exerc 38(7):1288-1296

A1, C Benvenga, S. 2005. Effects of L-carnitine on thyroid hormone metabolism and on physical exercise tolerance. Horm. Metab. Res., 37 (9), 566-571. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175496 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Kraemer WJ et al. (2005). Chemical Monthly 136:1383–1390

LeBlanc PJ et al. (2004). J Appl Physiol 97:2148–2153

Steiber A et al. (2004). Mol Aspects Med 2 (5-6):455–473

Kraemer WJ et al. (2003). J Strength Cond Res 17(3):455–462

Volek JS et al. (2002). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E474

Van Loon et al. (2001). J Physiol 536(1):295–304

C Villani, R., et al. 2000. L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 10 (2), 199-207.

Nüesch R et al. (1999). Drugs Exptl Clin Res 25(4):167–171

Luppa D et al (1996). In: Seim H & Loster H (eds): Carnitine – Pathobiochemical Basics and Clinical Applications. Ponte Press, Germany

Hülsmann WC & Dubelaar ML (1992). Mol Cell Biochem 116:125–129

Arenas J et al. (1991). Muscle and Nerve 14:598–604

Bremer J (1990). J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 28(5):297–301

Cerretelli P et al. (1990). Int J Sports Med 11:1–14

Bremer J (1983). Physiol Rev 63:1420-1480

Suzuki M et al. (1976). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 22:169–174

Lactobacillus acidophilus

C Delzenne, N., et al. 2011. Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic properties: consequences for host health in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Microb. Cell Fact., 10 (Suppl. 1), S10. URL: http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/10/S1/S10 (accessed 10.27.2011).

x Di Felippo, C., et al. 2011. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1 Dominika, Ś., et al. 2011. The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 145 (1), 267-272. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276631 (accessed 10.18.2011).

C Maslowski, K., & Mackay, C. 2011. Diet, gut microbiotia and immune responses. Nat. Immun., 12 (1), 5–9. URL: http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v12/n1/full/ni0111-5.html (accessed 12.20.2010).

C McNulty, et al. 2011. The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins. Sci. Translat. Med., 3 (106), 106ra106. URL (abstract): http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/3/106/106ra106 (accessed 10.27.2011).

C Swiatecka, D., et al. 2010. Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free-swimming and immobilised bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90 (11), 1837-1845. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549652 (accessed 10.18.2011).

C Turnbaugh, P., et al. 2009. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci. Transl. Med., 1 (6), 6ra14. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894525/?tool=pubmed (accessed 11.12.2009).

Bifidobacterium bifidus

C Delzenne, N., et al. 2011. Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic properties: consequences for host health in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Microb. Cell Fact., 10 (Suppl. 1), S10. URL: http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/10/S1/S10 (accessed 10.27.2011).

A1 Dominika, Ś., et al. 2011. The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 145 (1), 267-272. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276631 (accessed 10.18.2011).

C Maslowski, K., & Mackay, C. 2011. Diet, gut microbiotia and immune responses. Nat. Immun., 12 (1), 5–9. URL: http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v12/n1/full/ni0111-5.html (accessed 12.20.2010).

C McNulty, et al. 2011. The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins. Sci. Translat. Med., 3 (106), 106ra106. URL (abstract): http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/3/106/106ra106 (accessed 10.27.2011).

C Swiatecka, D., et al. 2010. Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free-swimming and immobilised bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90 (11), 1837-1845. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549652 (accessed 10.18.2011).

C Turnbaugh, P., et al. 2009. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci. Transl. Med., 1 (6), 6ra14. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894525/?tool=pubmed (accessed 11.12.2009).

Whey protein

x Acheson, K., et al. 2011. Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 93 (3), 525-534. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228266 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Baer, D., et al. 2011. Whey protein but not soy protein supplementation alters body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese adults. J. Nutr., 141 (8), 1489-1494. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/06/15/jn.111.139840.abstract (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A4 Geraedts, M., et al. 2011. Intraduodenal administration of intact pea protein effectively reduces food intake in both lean and obese male subjects. PLoS One, 6 (9), e24878. URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024878 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, A3, A5 Graf, S., et al. 2011. Effects of whey protein supplements on metabolism: Evidence from human intervention studies. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 14 (6), 569-580. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912246 (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Josse, A., et al. 2011. Increased consumption of dairy foods and protein during diet-and exercise-induced weight loss promotes fat mass loss and lean mass gain in overweight and obese premenopausal women. J. Nutr., 141 (8), 1626–1634. URL: xxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Pal, S., et al. 2010. Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals. Br. J. Nutr., 104 (5), 716-723. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20377924 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–2, A5 Walker, T., et al. 2010. The influence of 8 weeks of whey-protein and leucine supplementation on physical and cognitive performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 20 (5), 409-417. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975109 (accessed 11.09.2010).

A1–2, A5 Hayes, A., & Cribb, P. 2008. Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 11 (1), 40-44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090657 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Katsanos, C., et al. 2008. Whey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res., 28 (10), 651-658. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612691/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Wyatt, H., et al. 2008. Weight loss in a community initiative that promotes decreased energy intake and increased physical activity and dairy consumption: Calcium Weighs-In. J. Phys. Act. Health, 5 (1), 28-44. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Hollis, J., & Mattes, R. 2007. Effect of increased dairy consumption on appetitive ratings and food intake. Obesity, 15 (6), 1520-1526. Erratum in: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Oct;15(10):2520. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Bowen, J., et al. 2006. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2913–2919. URL: (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Burton-Freedom, B. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is not critical to whey-induced satiety, but may have a unique role in energy intake regulation through cholecystokinin (CCK). Physiol. Behav., 93 (1-2), 379-387. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

A2, A5 Cribb, P., et al. 2006. The effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 16 (5), 494-509. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090657 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4, B Bowen, J., et al. 2006. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2913-2919. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/91/8/2913.long (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1–2, A5 Phillips, S., et al. 2005. Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 24 (2), 134S-139S. URL: http://www.jacn.org/content/24/2/134S.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A5 Dangin, M., et al. 2003. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J. Physiol., 549, 635–644. URL: http://jp.physoc.org/content/549/2/635.full (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A5 Dangin, M., et al. 2001. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 280 (2), E340–E348. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/280/2/E340.full (accessed 10.25.2011).

Guar gum

x Lyly, M., et al. 2009. Fibre in beverages can enhance perceived satiety. Eur. J. Nutr., 48 (4), 251-258. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).
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the personal program for weight loss

For weight loss resistance, low energy, and weight-related digestive issues

Feeling good about how your body looks and functions is one of the most wonderful sensations you can experience. Your clothes seem like they were made you, you feel healthy and fit, and when you look in the mirror, you like what you see.

If it’s been a long time — or never — since you’ve felt this way about your body, we want you to know it’s not an impossible goal. You may have run the gamut of popular and conventional weight loss methods, and tried “everything” to slim down. Even if you were able to lose a few pounds, you regained them quickly. So you don’t feel good about your weight and appearance, and you don’t feel good about yourself.

What if we told you that all the steps you’ve taken so far have actually been working against you, instead of bringing you closer to your weight loss goals? There’s a good reason you haven’t been able to lose weight: weight loss resistance.

Weight loss resistance can occur when you develop or already have a preexisting metabolic imbalance that makes losing weight and maintaining healthy weight extremely challenging, even when you are trying hard to eat less and exercise more.

Your weight issue is your body’s way of sending you a message.

As hard as it is to admit, we aren’t superwomen. When we place too many demands on our bodies without giving them enough support, it can add to the burdens our bodies and minds are already trying to carry. This mismatch between demands and support can fuel weight loss resistance, and may even generate symptoms including low energy, weight-related digestive issues, moodiness, non-restorative sleep, and plunging sex drive.

But you are here right now, because you don’t want to live like this anymore. We understand how you feel, and we can help you finally lose weight — and keep it off —so you can have your life back.

Our unique holistic approach — naturally effective, simple and proven

In over 25 years of medical practice, we’ve learned what works best for so many women who want to overcome their personal obstacles to losing weight. If you’re weight loss resistant, your body will respond best when four forms of support are provided.

  1. Targeted supplementation that supports healthy weight and metabolism, while supplying good quality protein easily and conveniently to assist in maintaining stable blood sugar.
  2. Medical-grade nutritional supplements to ensure a consistent supply of rich nutrients, especially when you are actively losing weight.
  3. Diet adjustments, to satisfy your body’s real requirements and break patterns that interfere with your ability to lose weight.
  4. Lifestyle changes to help reduce the demands on your body so you can achieve long-lasting weight loss and wellness.

The Personal Program for Weight Loss Resistance helps creates the conditions for permanent weight loss. To know more about your personal obstacles to weight loss, take our FREE on-line Weight Loss Profile.

Natural, effective, and personalized — it just works better that way

An incredible 85% of the women we’ve worked with report feeling better, looking better, and living better — because their symptoms aren’t interfering with their lives and happiness anymore. You can be one of them.

With our Personal Program, you’ll experience fast improvements that may surprise you. As you begin to lose weight, you’ll have the strength, energy, motivation and desire to keep going. Once balance is restored and you’re seeing results, it will be much easier to maintain them.

Your physiology and life history are unique, and so your path to successful weight loss will be unique too. Our approach is to build a strong foundation of support and then show you how to add your own personal solutions as needed.

See for yourself. Your results are guaranteed.

Our natural approach to overcoming weight loss resistance is carefully structured to help you lose weight, restore health and well-being so you can get back to feeling great and enjoying each day again. We invite you to prove the Personal Program to yourself — it’s fully guaranteed.








100% satisfaction guarantee
We guarantee you will be fully satisfied with every aspect of your Program. If you’re not, for any reason, just let us know within 30 days after your scheduled completion and you’ll get a prompt refund of your purchase price. Even if you’ve taken all the supplements. 		A natural approach
We put great effort into making the nutrients in our supplements bioavailable and bio-identical. There are no toxins, hormone disruptors, artificial preservatives, or synthetic dyes. Our philosophy is to support your body so it can balance itself naturally, as it was meant to do.
You can cancel at anytime
More than 92% of women who try the Program are satisfied, but there is never any purchase commitment. 		The Program is simple and effective
We developed our approach at our medical clinic and have refined it over the last ten years. With over 150,000 happy Members, we know how to make it work for you too.
Exceptional customer service
We’re here for you seven days a week, and you can call or e-mail us with any questions or concerns. And every e-mail gets a personalized answer. 		You’ll never, ever receive a sales call from us
We will check in from time to time to see how you are progressing (unless you tell us not to) — but we won’t be calling to sell you anything.
Personalized attention
Each woman is unique and so is her path to wellness. That’s why the Program is tailored to your symptoms, and you can use our Wellness Coaches and Nurse-Educators to help solve any problems you meet along the way. 		Innovative, carefully-researched formulas
Our supplements are carefully formulated by a panel of experts, both in-house and independent, including PhD’s, MD’s, ND’s, and NP’s — all of whom have decades of experience using specialized nutrients in clinical practice.
We’re in Portland, Maine
When you call, you’ll speak to a woman who’s usually been with us for years, with the authority to do what it takes to make you happy. Everyone’s been personally trained by the founders of our Programs — Marcelle Pick OB/GYN NP, Susan Brown PhD, and Dixie Mills MD. And over 80% of them are on the Program themselves. 		Standards far above FDA requirements
All of our supplements are manufactured in laboratories that meet or exceed the FDA’s NSF GMP standards. We also take the extra step of requiring an assay of every single production batch to ensure it matches the label specifications — an extra level of protection we’ve borrowed from the pharmaceutical industry.
Your privacy is protected
We carefully safeguard your personal details, and your payment information is encrypted and secure. We never share the information you give us with other companies, or allow them to promote their products to you. 		Manage your Program on-line
My Personal Program lets you change shipment dates, update account information, order additional supplements, and track your progress on the Program.
Changing women’s health, one woman at a time
We are now one of the largest and most popular natural-health websites for women. Thanks to our Members, this rich resource is available to women around the world — absolutely free. We are completely open about our knowledge, formulas, and approach so that those who cannot afford the Program can follow a self-help approach at home — all this with the editorial independence that comes from a complete lack of advertising.

If you have suggestions about how we might improve what we do — with the Personal Program, in serving you, or on our website — please e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com. If you want to find out more about the Personal Program, please call us at 1-800-798-7902. We’re here to listen and help.

Why a Program?

While there is no magic pill for lasting weight loss, there is a real solution. Our combination approach is naturally effective because it blends nutritional and targeted supplementation with simple diet, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments. We make it perfect for you.

Let's get started

WHAT’S INCLUDED

see details
join now

Why a Program?

While there is no magic pill for lasting weight loss, there is a real solution. Our combination approach is naturally effective because it blends nutritional and targeted supplementation with simple diet, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments. We make it perfect for you.

Let's get started

WHAT’S INCLUDED

see details
join now
Natural, simple, proven, and guaranteed.
the basics
The Basics: Build foundational nutrition with the optimal dosage of vitamins and minerals, including calcium and magnesium. See details. 		checkmark
WheySational™: Our satisfying protein-packed shake works with your metabolism to help reduce cravings and promote healthy weight. See details. 		checkmark
The Core Balance Diet
Weight loss action plan with the Core Balance Diet: Detailed step-by-step plan for permanently overcoming weight loss resistance includes Marcelle Pick’s best-selling book. See details. 		checkmark
Advisors and Wellness Coaches: Free phone support from real women who understand your concerns and can answer your questions. checkmark
Automatic resupply: After your starter phase, we’ll help you maintain your results with a monthly shipment unique to your needs. checkmark
Starter phase: Structured to match your symptom severity and wellness goals. 60 days
Starter price: Choose from two convenient payment methods. Your satisfaction always guaranteed. Choose 2 monthly payments of $94.50 or one payment of $189.00
Support beyond the starter phase
Automatic resupply: After your starter phase, we’ll help you maintain your results with a monthly shipment of The Basics and WheySational. There’s never any purchase commitment and you may cancel anytime. Just $79.00 a month
Access to exclusive formulas: Members have access to our specially formulated supplements, designed to augment your Program based on your individual needs. See details. checkmark
nurse Optional Nurse-Educator consultations: $19.00 for a 20-minute one-on-one consultation. Many Members find these extremely helpful and effective for getting the results they want. See details. checkmark

Join the women who have found success with the Program. Now it can be your turn.

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