Essential Nutrients

Description

Supplement facts

References

Because rich nutrition is the foundation of hormonal health

Our Essential Nutrients provide the purest ingredients with optimal absorption and bioavailability in one easy-to-take formula. With 30 vitamins, minerals, and advanced nutrients, this remarkable formula works to support:

A healthy metabolism
Hormonal balance
Overall wellness for women

The right blend of vitamins and minerals

Our formula is a comprehensive highly concentrated vitamin/mineral/trace element supplement. This key nutritional support is extremely important to supply your body with the raw materials it uses daily. Minerals and trace elements are provided in their safest and most bioavailable forms. We use only the purest, most hypoallergenic ingredients, and Essential Nutrients contains no artificial preservatives, colors, sweeteners or flavors.

The benefits of Essential Nutrients

The same rich nutritional supplement we use at Women to Women’s medical clinic.
Doctor-formulated, according to the latest developments in nutritional and medical science for women’s health.
When used to supplement a healthy eating plan, provides a complete nutritional foundation to support the body’s endocrine, immune, and other vital systems.
30 essential nutrients, including Metafolin®, a patented, natural form of 5-MTHF, folate’s most usable and active form.
All ingredients are sourced naturally whenever possible and the formulas contain no artificial preservatives, colors, sweeteners or flavors.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

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Song, W. 1990. Pantothenic acid: How much do we know about this B-complex vitamin? Nutr. Today, 25 (2), 19–26.

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Frei, B., et al. 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 6377–6381.

Mountokalakis, T. 1987. Effects of aging, chronic disease, and multiple supplements on magnesium requirements. Magnesium, 6, 5-11.

Nyhan, W. 1987. Inborn errors of biotin metabolism. Arch. Dermatol., 123, 1696–1698a.

Bendich, A., et al. 1986. Dietary vitamin E requirement for optimum immune responses in the rat. J. Nutr., 116, 675–681.

Misir, R., & Blair, R. 1986. Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley-wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Res. Vet. Sci., 40, 212-218.

Kremer, J., et al. 1985. Effects of manipulation of dietary fatty acids on clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, 1, 184–187.

Cranton, E. & Frackleton, J. 1984. Free radical pathology in age-associated disease: Treatment with EDTA chelation, nutrition, and antioxidants. J. Holistic Med., 6, 1–36.

Wolf, G. 1984. Multiple functions of vitamin A. Physiol. Rev., 64, 873–937.

Atik, O. 1983. Zinc and senile osteoporosis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 31, 790–791.

Ensminger, A., et al. 1983. Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: Vol. 2. Clovis, CA: Pegus Press.

Holmes, R., & Kummerow, F. 1983. The relationship of adequate and excessive intake of vitamin D to health and disease. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2, 172–199.

Davis, B., et al. 1982. Enhanced absorption of oral vitamin B12 from a resin ascorbate administered to normal subjects. Manip. Physiol. Ter., 5, 123–127.

Eisenstein, A. 1982. Nutritional and metabolic effects of alcohol. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 81, 247–251.

Epstein, O., et al. 1982. Vitamin D, hydroxyapatite, and calcium gluconate in treatment of cortical bone thinning in postmenopausal women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 36, 426–430.

Bonjour, J. 1980. Vitamins and alcoholism. V. Riboflavin; VI. Niacin; VII. Pantothenic acid; VIII. Biotin. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 50, 425–440.

Wang, J. 1979. Vitamin C: Dr. Pauling was right. New York, 51–54.

Wilkins, E., & Wilkins, M. 1979. Effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on synovial rheumatoid arthritic and other cells. Experientia, 35: 244–246.

Fry, P., et al. 1976. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 22, 339–346.

Mullen, A., & Wilson, C. 1976. The metabolism of ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 35, 8A–9A.

Shalita, A. 1976. Acne vulgaris: Current concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. Int. J. Dermatol., 15, 182–187.

Baker, H., et al. 1975. Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28, 1377–1380.

McCormick, D. 1975. Biotin. Nutr. Rev., 33, 97–102.

Schwartz, P. 1970. Ascorbic acid in wound healing — a review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 56, 497-503.

Omega-3’s

Description

Supplement facts

References

The natural way to promote heart, eye and skin health

Omega-3's affect everything from the health of your immune and nervous systems, your heart, your joints, and even your emotional well-being. Omega-3's encourage the production of biological compounds that help with inflammation in your blood, tissues, and joints and also balance the negative impact of omega-6's, which are prevalent in the American diet.

Our Omega-3’s are formulated to:

Reduce triglycerides, a risk factor for heart disease.
Increase blood flow throughout the brain and body.
Promote eye, heart, skin, and joint health.
Help decrease mood swings and balance energy.
Help alleviate cramps, nausea, breast sensitivity, irritability, and headaches.
Support body processes that promote strong bones in menopausal and postmenopausal women.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s Omega-3’s is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, provide information concerning the clinical basis for using Women to Women’s Omega-3’s.

Product references

Bays, H. 2007. Safety considerations with omega-3 fatty acid therapy. Am. J. Cardiol., 99 (6A), 35C–43C.

Bourre, J. 2007. Dietary omega–3 fatty acids for women. Biomed. Pharmacother., 61 (3), 105–112.

Conklin, S., et al. 2007. Serum w-3 fatty acids are associated with variation in mood, personality and behavior in hypercholesterolemic community volunteers. Psych. Res., 152, 1–10.

Goldberg, R., & Katz, J. 2007. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Pain, 129, 210–223.

Nguyen, C., et al. 2007. Dietary omega 3 fatty acids decrease intraocular pressure with age by increasing aqueous outflow. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48 (2), 756–762.

Natural Standard Monograph. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil, alpha-linolenic acid. URL (limited access): http://naturalstandard.com/monographs/herbssupplements/fishoil.asp?printversion

Townend, B., et al. 2007. Dietary macronutrient intake and five-year incident cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 143, 932–939.

Appleton, K., et al. 2006. Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: Systematic review of published trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 1308–1316.

Black, H., & Rhodes, L. 2006. The potential of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev., 30 (3), 224–232.

Creuzot, C., et al. 2006. [Improvement of dry eye symptoms with polyunsaturated fatty acids.] J. Fr. Ophtalmol., 29 (8), 868–873.

Freeman, M., et al. 2006. Omega-3 fatty acids: Evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J. Clin. Psych., 67 (12), 1954–1967.

German, O., et al. 2006. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents apoptosis of retina photoreceptors by activating the ERK/MAPK pathway. J. Neurochem., 98, 1507–1520.

Kamphuis, M., et al. 2006. Depression and cardiovascular mortality: A role for n-3 fatty acids? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84, 1513–1517.

Kim, H-H., et al. 2006. Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in human skin in vivo. J. Lipid Res., 47, 921–930.

Lamotte, M., et al. 2006. A multi-country health-economic evaluation of highly concentrated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. Herz., 31 (Suppl. 3), 74–82.

Menéndez, J., et al. 2006. HER2 (erbB-2)-targeted effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), in breast cancer cells: The “fat features” of the “Mediterranean diet” as an “anti-HER2 cocktail”. Clin. Transl. Oncol., 8 (11), 812–820.

Nemets, H., et al. 2006. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: A controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am. J. Psych., 163 (6), 1098–1100.

Seddon, J., et al. 2006. Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration. The US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol., 124, 995–1001.

Severus, W. 2006. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression. Herz., 31 (Suppl. 3), 69–74.

Walzer, B., et al. 2006. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augments brachial artery dilation and blood flow during forearm contraction. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 97, 347–354.

Berbert, A., et al. 2005. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition, 21, 131–136.

Kim, H-H., et al. 2005. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits UV-induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J. Lipid Res., 46, 1712–1720.

Lerman, R. 2005. Essential fatty acids. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. S. Jones & S. Quinn, pp. 420–433. Gig Harbor, WA: The Institute for Functional Medicine.

Covington, M. 2004. Omega-3 fatty acids. Am. Fam. Phys., 70 (1), 133–140.

Iribarren, C., et al. 2004. Dietary intake of n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish: Relationship with hostility in young adults — the CARDIA study. Eur. J. Clinc. Nutr., 58, 24–31.

Saldeen, P., & Saldeen, T. 2004. Women and omega-3 fatty acids. Obstet. Gynecol., 59 (10), 722–730.

US FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2004. What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. EPA-823-R-04-005. URL: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/admeghg3.html

Harris, W., et al. 2003. Cardiovascular disease and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 14 (1), 9–14.

Helland, I., et al. 2003. Maternal supplementation with very long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics, 111 (1), E39-E44.

Logan, A. 2003. Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: Possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. Altern. Med. Rev., 8 (4), 410–425.

Zanarini, M., & Frankenburg, F. 2003. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am. J. Psych., 160, 167–169.

Bagga, D., et al. 2002. Long-chain n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in breast adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 42, 180–185.

Carrie, I., et al. 2002. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich phospholipid supplementation: Effect on behavior, learning ability, and retinal function in control and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient old mice. Nutr. Neurosci., 5 (1):43–52.

Hu, F., et al. 2002. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA, 287 (14), 1815–1821.

Nestel, P. et al. 2002. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase systemic arterial compliance in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 326–330.

Chen, L., et al. 2000. Effect of stable fish oil on arterial thrombogenesis, platelet aggregation, and superoxide dismutase activity. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 35 (3), 502–505.

Curtis, C., et al. 2000. n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation. J. Biol. Chem., 275 (2), 721–724.

Stark, K., et al. 2000. Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 389–394.

Yamada, T., et al. 2000. Atherosclerosis and w-3 fatty acids in the populations of a fishing village and a farming village in Japan. Atherosclerosis, 153, 469–481.

Austin, M., et al. 1998. Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am. J. Cardiol., 81 (4A), 7B–12B.

Kruger, M., et al. 1998. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging [Milano], 10 (5), 385–394.

Berry, E. 1997. Dietary fatty acids in the management of diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66 (4 Suppl.), S991–S997.

Bruckner, G. 1997. Microcirculation, vitamin E and omega 3 fatty acids: An overview. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 415, 195–208.

Katayama, Y. Effect of long-term administration of ethyl eicosapentate (EPA-E) on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Brain Res., 761 (2), 300–305.

Belluzzi, A., et al. 1996. Effect of an enteric-coated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. NEJM, 3334 (24), 1557–1560.

Caygill, C., et al. 1996. Fat, fish oil and cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 74, 159–164.

Harel, Z., et al. 1996. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J. Obstet. Gynecol., 171 (4), 1335–1338.

Lau, C-S., et al. 1995. Effects of fish oil on plasma fibrinolysis in patients with mild rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., 13 (1), 87–90.

Suzukawa, et al. 1995. Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J. Lipid Res., 36, 473–484.

Geusens, P., et al. 1994. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis. A 12–month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis Rheum., 37 (6), 824–829.

Kankaanpää, P., et al. 1993. Dietary fatty acids and allergy. Ann. Med., 31 (4), 282–287.

Escobar, S., et al. 1992. Topical fish oil in psoriasis — a controlled and blind study. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 17 (3), 159–162.

Simopoulos, A. 1991. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 54 (3), 438–463.

Ellis, E., et al. 1990. Effect of fish oil n-3 fatty acids on cerebral microcirculation. Am. J. Physiol., 258 (6 Pt. 2), H1780–H1785.

Haglund, O., et al. 1990. Effects of a new fluid fish oil concentrate, ESKIMO-3, on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and blood pressure. J. Intern. Med., 227 (5), 347–353.

van der Temple, H., et al. 1990. Effects of fish oil supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 49, 76–80.

Black, K., et al. 1984. Eicosapentaenoic acid: Effect on brain prostaglandins, cerebral blood flow and edema in ischemic gerbils. Stroke, 15 (1), 65–69.

PMSolution

Description

Supplement facts

References

Phytotherapy to relieve PMS symptoms

Our PMSolution represents a real advance for PMS sufferers because it works to address symptoms at their source. This drug-free formula provides natural, effective relief for those monthly symptoms that can undermine your ability to participate in your own life for days at a time. Formulated to reduce many of the most common PMS symptoms, PMSolution uses phytotherapy (plant-based medicine) to help you regain control over your body’s response to the menstrual and hormonal changes that occur monthly.

PMSolution contains:

Chromium picolinate — plays a role in healthy glucose metabolism and helps quell cravings and regulate appetite.
Black cohosh, wild yam and lemon balm — used for centuries to ease PMS symptoms like irritability, anxiety, and sleep issues.
Burdock — reduces bloating and cramping.
Chasteberry — relieves breast tenderness, cramps, and bloating.
Dong quai — helps reduce cramps, headaches and moodiness.
Maca — used to boost libido and mood, and to reduce anxiety.

PMSolution is made from highest quality ingredients, and is free of artificial preservatives, colors, sweeteners or flavors. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous procedure that is used for pharmaceutical drugs — and is made in a facility validated by the NSF to meet or exceed all governmental requirements for Good Manufacturing Practices (the FDA’s GMP’s). For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s PMSolution is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged alphabetically, represent a sampling of the research on the constituents of PMSolution.

Black Cohosh
Burdock
Chaste tree berry
Chromium
Dong quai
Lemon Balm
Maca
Wild Yam

PMSolution Claims

KEY to the numerals preceding references, denoting the following claims:

A. Efficacy

1. Supports a reduction in common PMS symptoms like mood swings, anxiety, headaches or insomnia

2. Helps reduce bloating

3. Supports a reduction in PMS-related breast tenderness

4. Helps reduce menstrual cramps

5. Supports menstrual cycle regularity

6. Assists in reducing food cravings

7. Supports the normal status of sex hormones

8. Supports libido

9. Provides antioxidants (low levels of which may play a role in PMS)

10. Helps alleviate vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, etc.)

B. Safety

C. Other

References

Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)

A1, A10, B, C
[No authors listed.] 2003. Monograph. Cimicifuga racemosa. Altern. Med. Rev., 8 (2), 186-189. URL (PDF): http://www.altmedrev.com/sobi2.html?sobi2Task=dd_download&fid=193 (accessed 01.25.2011).

C
Bai, W., et al. 2007. Efficacy and tolerability of a medicinal product containing an isopropanolic black cohosh extract in Chinese women with menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double blind, parallel-controlled study versus tibolone. Maturitas. [Epub ahead of print.]

B
Bland, J. 2003. Position on black cohosh safety. Metagenics, Inc. URL: http://www.metaproteomicslabs.com/position_papers/black%20cohosh%20position%20paper.pdf (accessed 01.25.2011).

B, C
Bodinet, C., & Freudenstein, J. 2002. Influence of Cimicifuga racemosa on the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 76 (1), 1-10. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12408370 (accessed 01.25.2011).

C
Borelli, F., & Ernst, E. 2008. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for menopausal symptoms: A systematic review of its efficacy. Pharmacol. Res., 58 (1), 8-14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18585461 (accessed 01.30.2009).

C
Carroll, D. 2006. Nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause. Am. Fam. Physician, 73 (3), 457–464. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477892 (accessed 12.11.2009).

A10
Cheema, D., et al. 2007. Non-hormonal therapy of post-menopausal vasomotor symptoms: A structured evidence-based review. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 276 (5), 463–469. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17593379 (accessed 01.04.2010).

B
Cohen, S., et al. 2004. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: A case study. Menopause, 11, 575–577. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15356412 (accessed 02.24.2011).

C
Duker, E., et al. 1991. Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Med., 57 (5), 420–424. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1798794 (accessed 06.27.2007).

C
Einbond, L., et al. 2009. Actein activates stress- and statin-associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague–Dawley rats. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 23 (3), 311–3212. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19527300 (accessed 02.02.2010).

C
Frei-Kleiner, S., et al. 2005. Cimicifuga racemosa dried ethanolic extract in menopausal disorders: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Maturitas, 51, 397–404. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16039414 (accessed 02.23.2011).

A10, B
Geller, S., et al. 2009. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. Menopause, 16 (6), 1156–1166. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609225 (accessed 12.11.2009).

A10
Hernández Muñoz, G., & Pluchino, S. 2003. Cimicifuga racemosa for the treatment of hot flushes in women surviving breast cancer. Maturitas, 44 (Suppl. 1), S59–S65. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12609560 (accessed 09.13.2010).

C
Ingraffea, A., Donohue, K., Wilkel, C., Falanga, V. 2007. Cutaneous vasculitis in two patients taking an herbal supplement containing black cohosh. J Am Acad Dermatol, 56 (5), S124-S126.

C
Iwanaga, A., Kusano, G., Warashina, T., Miyase, T. 2010. Phenolic constituents of the aerial parts of Cimicifuga simplex and Cimicifuga japonica. J Nat Prod, 73(4), 609-12. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184336 (accessed 4/5/2012).

A10
Jacobson, J., et al. 2001. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 19 (10), 2739–2745. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352967 (accessed 06.27. 2007).

C
Ju, Y., et al. 2008. A dietary supplement for female sexual dysfunction, Avlimil, stimulates the growth of estrogen-dependcnt breast tumors (MCF-7) implanted in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Food Chern. Toxicol., 46, 310-320. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17919800 (accessed 01.04.2010).

A10, B
Kanadys, W., et al. 2008. [Efficacy and safety of black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa) in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms — review of clinical trials.] Ginekol. Pol., 79 (4), 287–296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592868 (accessed 01.30.2009).

C
Letters to the editor. 2007. Ann. Int. Med., 147 (5), 347. URL (PDF): http://www.annals.org/content/147/5/347.1.full.pdf+html (accessed 10.17.2007).

C
Li, J. X., Yu, Z. Y. 2008. Cimicifugae rhizoma: from origins, bioactive constituents to clinical outcomes. Curr Med Chem, 13(24), 2927-51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17073639 (accessed 4/5/2012).

A10
Liske, E., et al. 2002. Physiological investigation of a unique extract of black cohosh (Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma): A 6-month clinical study demonstrates no systemic estrogenic effect. J. Women’s Health Gend. Based Med., 11, 163–174. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11975864 (accessed 02.24.2011).

B
Lontos, S., et al. 2003. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med. J. Aust., 179, 390–391. URL: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/179_07_061003/letters_061003_fm-2.html (accessed 02.24.2011).

A10, C
Low Dog, T. 2005. Menopause: A review of botanical dietary supplements. Am. J. Med., 118 (Suppl. 12B), 98–108. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414334 (accessed 12.11.2009).

B
Low Dog, T., et al. 2003. Critical evaluation of the safety of Cimicifuga racemosa in menopause symptom relief. Menopause, 10 (4), 299-313. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851513 (accessed 09.13.2010).

B
Mahady, G. 2005. Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa): Review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms. Treat. Endocrinol., 4 (3), 177–184. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898823 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C
Mahady, G., et al. 2008. United States Pharmacopeia review of the black cohosh case reports of hepatotoxicity. Menopause, 15 (4 Pt. 1), 628-638. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18340277 (accessed 12.11.2009).

A10, C
Mahady, G. et al. 2002. Black cohosh: an alternative therapy for menopause? Nutr. Clin. Care, 5 (6), 283-289. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12557811 (accessed 06.26. 2007).

A1, A10
Mahady, G. 2005. Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa): Review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms. Treat. Endocrinol., 4 (3), 177–184. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15898823 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C
McAllister, J., & Hornsby, P. 1987. TPA inhibits the synthesis of androgens and cortisol and enhances the synthesis non-17 alpha-hydroxylated steroids in cultured human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology, 121 (5), 1908–1910.

C
Meyer, S. et al. 2007. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma induced by Cimicifuga racemosa. Dermatology, 214 (1), 94–96. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191056 (accessed 01.18.2011).

C
Minciullo, P., et al. 2006. Muscle damage induced by black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Phytomedicine, 13, 115–118. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16360941 (accessed 02.23.2011).

A1, A10, C
Nappi, R., et al. 2005. Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa on climacteric complaints: A randomized study versus low-dose transdermal estradiol. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 20, 30–35. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15969244 (accessed 02.23.2011).

B
Newton, K., et al. 2006. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 145, 869–879. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179056 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C
Nisslein, T. & Freudenstein, J. 2007. Coadministration of the aromatase inhibitor formestane and an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh in a rat model of chemically induced mammary carcinoma. Planta Med., 73 (4), 318–322. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17354167 (accessed 06.27.2007).

C
Nisslein, T., & Freudenstein, J. 2004. Concomitant administration of an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh and tamoxifen in the in vivo tumor model of implanted RUCA-I rat endometrial adenocarcinoma cells. Toxicol. Lett., 150 (3), 271–275. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15110078 (accessed 06.26.2007).b

C
Palacio C., et al. 2009. Black cohosh for the management of menopausal symptoms: A systematic review of clinical trials. Drugs Aging, 26 (1), 23–36. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19102512 (accessed 01.30.2009).

A10
Pockaj, B. et al. 2006. Phase III double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial of black cohosh in the management of hot flashes: NCCTG Trial N01CC1. J. Clin. Oncol., 24 (18), 2836–2841. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16782922 (accessed 06.27.2007).

C
Pockaj, B., et al. 2004. Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest., 22 (4), 515–521. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15565808 (accessed 02.24.2011).

A1, A10
Pockaj, B., et al. 2004. Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest., 22 (4), 515–521. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15565808 (accessed 02.24.2011).

C
Rachón, D., et al. 2008. Effects of black cohosh extract on body weight gain, intra-abdominal fat accumulation, plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Maturitas, 60 (3–4), 209–215. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691839 (accessed 01.04.2010).

B
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Schmid, D., Woehs, F., Svoboda, M., Thalhammer, T., Chiba, P., Moeslinger, T. 2009. Aqueous extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa and phenolcarboxylic constituents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated human whole blood. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 87(11), 963-72. URL(abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19935904 (accessed 4/5/2012).

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Seidlová–Wuttke, D., et al. 2003. Evidence for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in a black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) extract: Comparison with estradiol17b. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 149 (4), 351–362. URL (PDF): http://eje-online.org/cgi/reprint/149/4/351 (accessed 02.24.2011).

A10
Shams, T., et al. 2010. Efficacy of black cohosh-containing preparations on menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis. Alt. Ther., 16 (1), 36–44. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085176 (accessed 01.08.2010).

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Spangler, L., et al. 2007. The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. Maturitas, 57 (2), 195–204. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275226 (accessed 01.04.2010).

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Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

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Walji, R., et al. 2007. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.): Safety and efficacy for cancer patients. Support. Care Cancer, 15 (8), 913–921. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602247 (accessed 12.11.2009).

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Whiting, P., et al. 2002. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. Med. J. Aust., 177, 440–443. URL: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_08_211002/whi10119_fm.html (accessed 2.24.2011).

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Winterhoff, H., et al. 2002. [Pharmacologic and clinical studies using Cimicifuga racemosa in climacteric complaints.] Wien Med. Wochenschr., 152 (15–16), 360–363. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12244879 (accessed 02.24.2011).

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Zepelin, H. et al. 2007. Isopropanolic black cohosh extract and recurrence-free survival after breast cancer. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 45 (3), 143–154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17416109 (accessed 06.26.2007).

Burdock (Arctium lappa)

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Erdemoglu, N. et al. 2009. Estimation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus. J Ethnopharmacol. 121(2):318-23. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19061945 (accessed 4/19/2012).

A9
Ferracane, R., et al. 2010. Metabolic profile of the bioactive compounds of burdock (Arctium lappa) seeds, roots and leaves. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 51 (2), 399-404. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19375261 (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Hayashi, K., et al. 2010. Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza A virus. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 33 (7), 1199-1205. URL: (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Kardosová, A., et al. 2003. A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 33 (1–3), 135–140. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14599596 (accessed 07.01.2011).

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Kim, B., et al. 2008. Diarctigenin, a lignan constituent from Arctium lappa, down-regulated zymosan-induced transcription of inflammatory genes through suppression of DNA binding ability of nuclear factor-kappaB in macrophages. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 327 (2), 393-401. URL: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/327/2/393.long (accessed 07.01.2011).

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Kim, S., et al. 2003. Hepatoprotective dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans of Torreya nucifera against CCl4-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 26 (8), 1202–1205. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/26/8/26_1202/_article/-char/en (accessed 07.01.2011)

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Knipping, K., et al. 2008. In vitro and in vivo anti-allergic effects of Arctium lappa L. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 233 (11), 1469–1477. URL: http://ebm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/content/full/233/11/1469 (accessed 07.01.2011).

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Lee, I., et al. 2011. Arctigenin isolated from the seeds of Arctium lappa ameliorates memory deficits in mice. Planta Med. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21308615 (accessed 06.30.2011).

A9
Leonar, S.S.,et al. 2006. Essiac tea: scavenging of reactive oxygen species and effects on DNA damage. J. Ethnopharmacol. 103(2): 288-96. URL: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1622685 (accessed 8/18/2011).

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Li, D. et al. 2008. Prebiotic effectiveness of inulin extracted from edible burdock. Anaerobe. , 14(1):29-34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042411 (accessed 4/18/2012).

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Lin CC, Lu JM, Yang JJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory and radical scavenge effects of Arctium lappa. Am J Chin Med. 1996;24:127-137. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Anti-inflammatory%20and%20radical%20scavenge%20effects%20of%20Arctium%20lappa (accessed 4/19/2012).

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Lin SC, Lin CH, Lin CC, et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa Linne on liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol consumption and potentiated by carbon tetrachloride. J Biomed Sci. 2002 Sep-Oct;9(5):401-9. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Anti-inflammatory%20and%20radical%20scavenge%20effects%20of%20Arctium%20lappa (accessed 4/19/2012).

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Marjoribanks, J. et al. 2010. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev., (1):CD001751. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091521 (accessed 4/19/2012).

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Pedersen, M. (1998), Nutritional Herbology: A Reference Guide to Herbs (pp. 57-59).Warsaw, IN: Whitman Publications.

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Predes, F., et al. 2011. Antioxidative and in vitro antiproliferative activity of Arctium lappa root extracts. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11, 25. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/25 (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Predes, F. et al. 2009. Investigation of liver tissue and biochemical parameters of adult wistar rats treated with Arctium lappa L. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 52(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132009000200010. URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1516-89132009000200010&script=sci_arttext (accessed 4/18/2012).

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Sarić-Kundalić, B., et al. 2010. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal use of wild and cultivated plants in middle, south and west Bosnia and Herzegovina. J. Ethnopharmacol., 131 (1), 33-55. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594943 (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Sohn, E., et al. 2011. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of butanol extract from Arctium Lappa L. Clin. Mol. Allergy, 9 (1), 4. URL: http://www.clinicalmolecularallergy.com/content/9/1/4 (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Susanti, S., et al. 2012. Tumor specific cytotoxicity of arctigenin isolated from herbal plabt Arctium lappa L. J Nat Med. Feb 16. [Epub ahead of print]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22350142 (accessed 4/19/2012).

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Tsai, W., et al. 2011. Arctigenin from Arctium lappa inhibits interleukin-2 and interferon gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes. Chin. Med., 6 (1), 12. URL: http://www.cmjournal.org/content/6/1/12 (accessed 06.30.2011).

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Williams, T. J. 1978. The role of prostaglandins in inflammation. Ann R Coll Sug Engl., 60(3):198-201. URL (abstract): http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492079 (accessed 4/19/2012).

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Zhao F, Wang L, Liu K. 2009. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway. J. Ethnopharmacol., 122 (3), 457–462. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429312 (accessed 07.01.2011).

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Zick, S.M., et al. 2006. Trial of Essiac to ascertain its effect in women with breast cancer (TEA-BC). J Altern Complement Med. 12(10): 971-80. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212569 (accessed 4/18/2012).

Chaste tree berry (Vitex agnus castus)

A1, A3-A5, A7, B
[No author.] 2009. Vitex agnus-castus. Monograph. Alt. Med. Rev., 14 (2), 67–70. URL (PDF): http://www.altmedrev.com/sobi2.html?sobi2Task=dd_download&fid=32 (accessed 01.26.2011).

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Atmaca, M., et al. 2003. Fluoxetine versus Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 18 (3), 191–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672170 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Berger, et al. 2000. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 264, 150–153. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11129515 (accessed 02.24.2011).

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Blumenthal, et al. 2003. The ABC clinical guide to herbs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.

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Cahill, D., et al 1994. Multiple follicular development associated with herbal medicine. Human Reprod., 9, 1469–1470. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7989506 (accessed 02.24.2011).

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Chopin, L. 2003. Vitex agnus castus essential oil and menopausal balance: A research update [Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 8 (2003), 148-154]. Complement. Ther. Nurs. Midwifery, 9 (3), 157-160. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852933 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Daniele, et al., 2005. Vitex agnus castus: A systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf., 28, 319–332.

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Dharmasiri, M., et al. 2003. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J. Ethnopharmacol., 87 (2-3), 199-206. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860308 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Girman, A., et al. 2003. An integrative medicine approach to premenstrual syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 188 (5 Suppl.), S56-S65. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748452 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Greenspan, F.S., & Garner, D.G. (Eds.). (2004). Basic & Clinical Endocrinology (7th ed.) (125-6). New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill.

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Halaska, M., et al. 1999. Treatment of cyclical mastalgia with a solution containing a Vitex agnus castus extract: Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Breast, 8 (4), 175-181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14731436 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Horrobin, D.G. 1983. The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome. J Reprod Med. 28(7): 465-8. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6350579 (accessed 4/23/2012).

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Hu, Y., et al. 2007. Anti-nociceptive and anti-hyperprolactinemia activities of Fructus Viticis and its effective fractions and chemical constituents. Phytomedicine, 14 (10), 668-674. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17350238 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Huddleston, M., Jackson, E.A. 2001. Is an extract of the fruit of agnus castus (chaste tree or chasteberry) effective for the prevention of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?. J Fam Pract., 50(4):298. URL: www.jfponline.com/Pages.asp?AID=2213 (accessed 7/16/2007).

A7, C
Jarry, H., et al. 2003. Evidence for estrogen receptor beta-selective activity of Vitex agnus-castus and isolated flavones. Planta Med., 69, 945–947.

A3, A7
Jarry, H., et al. 1994. In vitro prolactin but not LH and FSH release is inhibited by compounds in extracts of Agnus castus: Direct evidence for a dopaminergic principle by the dopamine receptor assay. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol., 102, 448–454. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7890021 (accessed 02.24.2011).

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Lauritzen, et al. 1997. Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vitex agnus castus: Controlled double-blind study versus pyridoxine. Phytomedicine, 4, 183–189.

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Liu, et al. 2004. Isolation of linoleic acid as an estrogenic compound from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste-berry). Phytomedicine, 11, 18–23. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14974442 (accessed 02.24.2011).

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Liu, J., et al. 2001. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J. Agric. Food Chem., 49 (5), 2472-2479. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11368622 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Lucks, B. 2003. Vitex agnus castus essential oil and menopausal balance: A research update [Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery, 8 (2003) 148-154]. Complement. Ther. Midwifery, 9 (3), 157-160. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12852933 (accessed 07.16.2007).

A1, A5
Lucks, B., et al. 2002. Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: A self-care survey. Complement. Ther. Nurs. Midwifery, 8, 148–154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12353616 (accessed 01.26.2011).

A3, A7
Milewicz, A., et al. 1993. [Vitex agnus castus extract in the treatment of luteal phase defects due to latent hyperprolactinemia. Results of a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study.] Arzneim.–Forsch./Drug Res., 43, 752–756. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8369008 (accessed 10.26.2011).

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Ohyama, K., et al. 2003. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic inducibility of Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract in cultured human normal and cancer cells and effect on growth. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 26 (1), 10-18. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12520164 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Roemheld–Hamm, B. 2005. Chasteberry. Am. Fam. Phys., 72 (5), 821-824. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16156340 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Rotem, C., & Kaplan, B. 2007. Phyto-Female Complex for the relief of hot flushes, night sweats and quality of sleep: Randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 23 (2), 117-122. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17454163 (accessed 07.06.2007).

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Schellenberg, 2001. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: Prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ, 322, 134–137. URL: http://www.bmj.com/content/322/7279/134.long (accessed 02.24.2011).

A3
Sliutz, G., et al. 1993. Agnus castus extracts inhibit prolactin secretion of rat pituitary cells. Horm Metab Res., 25(5):253-5. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8330858 (accessed 7/16/2007).

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Tandon, V., et al. 2006. Vitex negundo Linn. (VN) leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J. Med. Res., 124 (4), 447-450. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159267 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Villasenor, I., & Lamadrid, M. 2006. Comparative anti-hyperglycemic potentials of medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 104 (1-2), 128-131. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253452 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Wang, C., Chan, V. 1982. Divergent effects of prolactin on estrogen and progesterone production by granulose cells of rat Graafian follicles. Endocrinology., 110(4): 1085-93. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=6800769%20 (accessed 5/10/2012).

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Webster, D., et al. 2006. Activation of the mu-opiate receptor by Vitex agnus-castus methanol extracts: Implication for its use in PMS. J. Ethnopharmacol., 106 (2), 216-221. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439081 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Wuttke, W., et al. 2003. Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) — pharmacology and clinical indications. Phytomedicine, 10 (4), 248-357. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12809367 (accessed 07.16.2007).

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Ylikorkala, O. 1994. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors in menorrhagia, intrauterine contraceptive device-induced side effects and endometriousis. Pharmacol Toxicol. 74 Suppl 2:86-8. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816792 (accessed 4/23/2012).

A2
Zamani, M., et al. 2012. Therapeutic effect of Vitex agnus castus in patients with premenstrual syndrome. Acta Med Iran. 50(2):101-6. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359078 (accessed 4/25/2012).

Chromium (Chromium Picolinate)

A6, C
Albarracin, C., et al. 2008. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 24 (1), 41-51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506119 (accessed 10.25.2011).

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Anton, S., et al. 2008. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 10 (5), 405-412. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753428/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.25.2011).

A6
Blum, K., et al. 2007. Manipulation of catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) activity to influence the attenuation of substance seeking behavior, a subtype of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), is dependent upon gene polymorphisms: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses., 69(5):1054-60. Epub 2007 Apr 30. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467918 (accessed 4/18/2012).

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Broadhurst, C., & Domenico, P. 2006. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus — a review. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 677-687. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109600 (accessed 10.25.2011).

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Cefalu, W., et al. 2002. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. J. Nutr., 132 (6), 1107–1114. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/6/1107.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

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Docherty, J., et al. 2005. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: Effect on carbohydrate craving. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 11 (5), 302-314. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184071 (accessed 10.25.2011).

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Lukaski, H., et al. 2007. Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: Effects on body weight, composition, and iron status. Nutrition, 23 (3), 187-195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291720 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A6
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Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

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Ranilla, L. G., Kwon, Y. I., Apostolidis, E., Shetty, K. 2010. Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America. Bioresour Technol, 101(12), 4676-89. [Epub 2010 Feb 25]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185303 (accessed 3/12/2012).

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Rubio, J., Caldas, M., Dávila, S., Gasco, M., Gonzales, G. F. 2006. Effect of three different cultivars of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on learning and depression in ovariectomized mice. BMC Complement Altern Med, 6, 23. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16796734 (accessed3/12/2012).

C
Rubio, J., Dang, H., Gong, M., Liu, X., Chen, S. L., Gonzales, G. F. 2007. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) improve scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 45(10), 1882-90. [Epub 2007 Apr 20]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17543435 (accessed 3/12/2012).

C
Rubio J, Qiong W, Liu X, Jiang Z, Dang H, Chen SL, Gonzales GF. Aqueous Extract of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Memory Impairment Induced by Ovariectomy in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2008 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18955369 (accessed 3/12/2012).

C
Rubio, J., Riqueros, M. I., Gasco, M., Yucra, S., Miranda, S., Gonzales, G. F. 2008. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reversed the lead acetate induced -- damage on reproductive function in male rats. Food Chem Toxicol, 44(7), 1114-22. [Epub 2006 Feb 28]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510228 (accessed 3/12/2012).

C
Rubio, J., Yucra, S., Gasco, M., Gonzales, G. F. 2011. Dose-response effect of black maca (Lepidium meyenii) in mice with memory impairment induced by ethanol. Toxicol Mech Methods, 21(8), 628-34. [Epub 2011 Jul 22]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780878 (accessed 3/12/2012).

C
Ruiz-Luna, A. C., Salazar, S., Aspajo, N. J., Rubio, J., Gasco, M., Gonzales, G. F. 2005. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) increases litter size in normal adult female mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 3, 16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15869705 (accessed 3/13/2012).

A8, B, C
Stone, M., Ibarra, A., Roller, M., Zangara, A., Stevenson, E. 2009. A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen. J Ethnopharmacol, 126(3), 574-6. [Epub 2009 Sep 23]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19781622 (accessed 3/12/2012)/

B, C
Valentová, K., Buckiová, D., Kren, V., Peknicová, J., Ulrichová, J., Simánek, V. 2006. The in vitro biological activity of Lepidium meyenii extracts. Cell Biol Toxicol, 22(2), 91-9. [Epub 2006 Mar 9].URl (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16528448 (accessed 3/12/2012).

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Valentová, K., Ulrichová, J. 2003. Smallanthus sonchifolius and Lepidium meyenii - prospective Andean crops for the prevention of chronic diseases. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 147(2), 119-30. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037892 (accessed 3/13/2012).

B
Valerio Jr, L. G., Gonzales, G. F. 2005. Toxicological aspects of the South American herbs cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) : a critical synopsis. Toxicol Rev, 24(1), 11-35. URl (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16042502?dopt=Abstract (accessed3/13/2012).

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Vecera, R., Orolin, J., Skottová, N., Kazdová, L., Oliyarnik, O., Ulrichová, J., Simánek, V. 2007. The influence of maca (Lepidium meyenii) on antioxidant status, lipid and glucose metabolism in rat. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 62(2), 59-63.URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17333395 (accessed 3/12/2012).

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Zhang, Y., Yu, L., Ao, M., Jin, W. 2006. Effect of ethanol extract of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105 ( 1–2), 274-279. URL (abstract): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874105008329 (accessed 3/13/2012).

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Zenico, T., Cicero, A. F., Valmorri, L., Mercuriali, M., Bercovich, E. 2009. Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Andrologia, 41(2), 95-9. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260845 (accessed3/12/2012).

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Zhang, Y., Yu, L., Ao, M., Jin, W. 2006. Effect of ethanol extract of Lepidium meyenii Walp. on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat. J Ethnopharmacol, 105(1-2), 274-9. [Epub 2006 Feb 8]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16466876 (accessed 3/12/2012).

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Zhao, J., Avula, B., Chan, M., Clément, C., Kreuzer, M., Khan, I. A. 2012. Metabolomic differentiation of maca (Lepidium meyenii) accessions cultivated under different conditions using NMR and chemometric analysis. Planta Med, 78(1), 90-101. [Epub 2011 Aug 19]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858755 (accessed 3/12/2012).

A8
Zheng, B. L., He, K., Kim, C. H., Rogers, L., Shao, Y., Huang, Z. Y., Lu, Y., Yan, S. J., Qien, L. C., Zheng, Q. Y. 2000. Effect of a lipidic extract from lepidium meyenii on sexual behavior in mice and rats. Urology, 55(4), 598-602. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10736519 (accessed 3/13/2012).

Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa)

A1
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Benghuzzi, H., et al. 2003. The effects of sustained delivery of diosgenin on the adrenal gland of female rats. Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 39, 335–340.

A1
Hsu, F., et al. 2002. Both dioscorin, the tuber storage protein of yam (Dioscorea alata cv. Tainong No. 1), and its peptic hydrolysates exhibited angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50 (21) 6109-6113. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12358488 (accessed 6/26/2007).

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Jeon, J., et al. 2006. Effect of ethanol extract of dried Chinese yam (Dioscorea batatas) flour containing dioscin on gastrointestinal function in rat model. Arch. Pharm. Res., 29 (5), 348–353.

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Komesaroff, P.A., Black, C. V. , Cable, V., Sudhi, K. 2001. Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women. Climacteric., 4(2):144-50. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.library.tufts.edu/sites/entrez (accessed 7/12/2007).

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Kwon, C., et al. 2003. Anti-obesity effect of Dioscorea nipponica Makino with lipase-inhibitory activity in rodents. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67 (7), 1451–1456.

A7
Park, M.K., Kwon, H.Y., Ahn, W.S., Bae, S., Rhyu, M.R., Lee, Y. 2009. Estrogen activities and the cellular effects of natural progesterone from wild yam extract in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells. Am J Chin Med., 37(1):159-67. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222119 (accessed 4/18/2012).

A1
Rahmintoola, H., et al. 2004. Reduction in the therapeutic intensity of abortive migraine drug use during ACE inhibition therapy — a pilot study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 13 (1), 41–47

A1
Sarchielli, P., et al. 2006. Practical considerations for the treatment of elderly patients with migraine. Drugs Aging, 23 (6), 461–489.

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A7, C
Wu, W.H., Liu, L.Y, Chung, C.J., Jou, R.J., Wang, T.A. 2005. Estrogenic effect of yam ingestion in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 24 (4): 235-243.

A6
Yoshikawa, M., et al. 2007. Medicinal flowers. XII. (1). New spirostane-type steroid saponins with antidiabetogenic activity from Borassus flabellifer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 55 (2), 308–316.

A7
Zava, D.T., Dollbaum, C.M., Blen, M. 1998. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 217(3):369-78. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9492350 (accessed 4/18/2012).

B
[No authors listed.] 2004. Final report of the amended safety assessment of Dioscorea villosa (wild yam) root extract. Int. J. Toxicol., 23 (Suppl. 2), 49–54.

T-Balance^™

Description

Supplement facts

References

Natural support for your thyroid gland — and a boost in energy

Your thyroid gland is intimately involved in most of your body’s functions, including metabolism and how your body uses energy. That makes sense because with underactive thyroid, one of the first sensations women notice is loss of energy. Women also say that even though they’re sleeping more than average, they still don’t feel rested.

Your thyroid produces its own hormones (T4 and T3) that affect how all the other hormones in your body behave. Your hormones serve as your body’s messengers so when the thyroid isn’t functioning as it should, it can interfere with hormonal signals all over your body. And that’s where thyroid-related symptoms get their start.

What is T-Balance

T-Balance is a completely natural supplement formulated to help relieve symptoms by supporting your underactive thyroid. Using leading research on trace minerals and phytotherapy for thyroid imbalance, T-Balance is formulated to not only boost energy and support healthy cell metabolism in the thyroid gland but throughout the body where thyroid hormone receptors and thyroid hormone conversion activity also occur.

Our exclusive T-Balance contains quality-sourced iodine and selenium, the critically important trace minerals involved in healthy thyroid hormone production. We also add a precisely proportioned blend of traditional and cutting-edge herbs:

Bacopa monnieri— Used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine, this aquatic plant increases T4 hormone concentrations. Studies show that it may also help address fuzzy thinking and forgetfulness.
Hops—Extracts from this vine have actions that allow thyroid hormones to enter cells more easily.
Sage— An herb with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, sage has long been used in many different healing traditions. Its phytochemicals promote better hormone receptor function in cells and support improved mood, memory, and healthy blood sugar balance.
Ashwagandha— This Ayurvedic herb is widely used for its anti-stress and calming properties. It supports the production of thyroid hormones and helps correct imbalances in the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as the immune system.
Coleus forskohlii — Forskolin, a phytochemical in this extract mimics the effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone to enhance iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production. It has been studied extensively for its supportive effects on the immune system, body weight, and for depression.
Iodine— A potent antioxidant, iodine is used to synthesize thyroid hormones and is needed for optimal function of every organ and cell in the body.
Selenium— Proper levels of this micronutrient are necessary to regulate thyroid function and iodine metabolism.

T-Balance can:

Provide a boost in energy.
Balance the thyroid gland and support normal thyroid function.
Help maintain thyroid hormone production.
Help support healthy thyroid cell metabolism.

T-Balance contains absolutely no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, dyes, or coloring of any kind. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard used for pharmaceutical drugs.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera/W. ashwagandha)

C Alam, N., et al. 2011. High catechin concentrations detected in Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11, 65. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/65 (accessed 09.23.2011).

C Kumar, A., et al. 2011. Utility of a multidisciplinary approach for genome diagnostics of cultivated and wild germplasm resources of medicinal Withania somnifera, and the status of new species, W. ashwagandha, in the cultivated taxon URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12001h123tk2876/ (accessed 09.06.2011).

C Sinha, S., et al. 2011. In vivo anti-tussive activity and structural features of a polysaccharide fraction from water extracted Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Mar 24;134 (2), 510-513. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182915 (accessed 09.23.2011).

C Dog, T. 2010. Smart Talk on supplements and botanicals: Ginseng and other adaptogenic herbs. Alt. Complement. Ther., 16 (1), 1–4. URL (paid access): http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/act.2010.16101 (accessed 01.17.2011).

C Ven Murthy, M., et al. 2010. Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: Ashwagandha. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem., 10 (3), 238-246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20528765 (accessed 09.23.2011).

C Yadav, B., et al. 2010. In vitro anticancer activity of the root, stem and leaves of Withania somnifera against various human cancer cell lines. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 72 (5), 659-663. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116319/?tool=pubmed (accessed 09.23.2011).

C Cooley, K., et al. 2009. Naturopathic care for anxiety: A randomized controlled trial ISRCTN78958974. PLoS One, 4 (8), e6628. URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006628 (accessed 05.13.2011).

A1–A3, A5, B, C Collins, J. 2007. Phytotherapeutic support of thyroid function. NutriNews. URL (PDF): http://www.douglaslabs.com/pdf/nutrinews/Thyroid%20Function%20Support%20%2801-07%29.pdf (accessed 08.10.2010).

B, C Widido, N., et al. 2007. Selective killing of cancer cells by leaf extract of Ashwagandha: Identification of a tumor-inhibitory factor and the first molecular insights to its effect. Clin. Cancer Res., 13 (7), 2298–2306. URL: http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/13/7/2298.long (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Naidu, P., et al. 2006. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. Phytother. Res., 20 (2), 140–146. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706122/full (accessed 02.23.2011).

B Winters, M. 2006. Ancient medicine, modern use: Withania somnifera and its potential role in integrative oncology. Altern. Med. Rev., 11 (4), 269-277. URL (PDF): http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/11/4/269.pdf (accessed 09.23.2011).

C Kuboyama, T., et al. 2005. Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide A. Br. J. Pharmacol., 144 (7), 961–971. URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706122/full (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Misra, L., et al. 2005. Unusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids from Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry, 66, 2702–2707. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16293277 (accessed 02.23.2011).

A1–A3, A5 [No authors listed.] 2004. Monograph. Withania somnifera. Altern. Med. Rev., 9 (2), 211–214. URL: http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/9/2/211.pdf (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Sreerekha, M., et al. 2004. Distribution of total withanolides in various plant parts of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) accessions as influenced by light and dark reaction cycle. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci., 26, 681–683. URL (abstract): http://203.190.147.122/jmapsnew/JMAPSDisplay.aspx?Year=2004&Month=12&Volume=26&No=4&IssueID=338 (accessed 09.06.2011).

C Bhattacharya, S., & Muruganandam, A. 2003. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: An experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 75 (3), 547–555. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12895672 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Iuvone, T., et al. 2003. Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera macrophages. Life Sci., 72 (14), 1617-1625. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551750 (accessed 01.25.2011).

B, C Singh, G., et al. 2003. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. (Part II). Phytother. Res., 17 (3), 531–536. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12748992 (accessed 02.24.2011).

C Dhuley, J. 2001. Nootropic-like effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res., 15 (6), 524–528. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536383 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Jain, S., et al. 2001. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampal sub-regions of female albino rat. Phytother. Res., 15 (6), 544–548. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536389 (accessed 02.23.2011).

B, C Singh, G., et al. 2001. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dun. Phytother. Res., 15 (4), 311–318. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11406854 (accessed 02.24.2011).

B, C Andallu, B. & Radhika, B. 2000. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 38 (6), 607-609. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11116534 (accessed 05.13.2011).

C Battacharya, S., et al. 2000. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: An experimental study. Phytomedicine, 7 (6), 463–469. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11194174 (accessed 01.25.2011).

B, C Dhuley, J. 2000. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J. Ethnopharmacol., 70 (1), 57–63. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720789 (accessed 02.23.2011).

A1–A5, B, C Mishra, L-C., et al. 2000. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Altern. Med. Rev., 5 (4), 334–346. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/5/4/334.pdf (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Archana, R., & Namasivayam, A. 1999. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J. Ethnopharmcol., 64 (1), 91–93. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10075127 (accessed 01.26.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Panda, S., & Kar, A. 1999. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 67 (2), 233-239. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619390 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Rege, N.-N., et al. 1999. Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytother Res., 13 (4), 275–291. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10404532 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Aphale, A., et al. 1998. Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: A safety assessment. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 42 (2), 299-302. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10225062 (accessed 05.13.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Panda, S., & Kar, A. 1998. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations after administration of ashwagandha root extract to adult male mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 50 (9), 1065-1068. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9811169 (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Schauss, A., et al. 1998. Therapeutic applications of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) — popular ayurvedic botanical medicine. Nat. Med. J., 1 (10), 16–19.

C Schliebs, R., et al. 1997. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAnergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem. Int., 30 (2), 181–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9017665 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C al-Hindawi, M., et al. 1992. Anti-granuloma activity of Iraqi Withania somnifera. J. Ethnopharmacol., 37 (2), 113–116. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1434685 (accessed 02.23.2011).

C Mehta, A., et al. 1991. Pharmacologic effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. Indian J. Med. Res., 94, 312–315. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660034 (accessed 02.23.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Köhrle, J., et al. 1988. Flavonoid effects on transport, metabolism and action of thyroid hormones. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 280, 323-340. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3140249 (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Singh, N., et al. 1982. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which enhances survival during stress (an adaptogen). Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 20 (1), 29–35. URL (abstract): http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13880208209083282 (accesesd 10.05.2011).

Bacopa monnieri (water hyssop)

C Abascal, K., & Yarnell, E. 2011. Bacopa for the brain: A smart addition to Western medicine. Altern. Complement. Ther., 17 (1), 21-25. URL (abstract): http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/mary-ann-liebert/bacopa-for-the-brain-a-smart-addition-to-western-medicine-xPGtuo07v0 (accessed 09.29.2011).

C Bhaskar, M., & Jagtap, A. 2011. Exploring the possible mechanisms of action behind the antinociceptive activity of Bacopa monniera. Int. J. Ayurveda Res., 2 (1), 2-7. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157104/?tool=pubmed (accessed 09.29.2011).

B Oliff, H. 2011. RE: Review of clinical potential of Bacopa in treatment of central nervous system-related ailments. HerbClip. URL (PDF): http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbclip/430/pdfs/041157.pdf (accessed 09. 29.2011).

B, C Morgan, A., & Stevens, J. 2010. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 16 (7), 753–759. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590480 (accessed 09.28.2011).

C Sumathi, T., & Niranjali Devaraj, S. 2009. Effect of Bacopa monnierai on liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids. Phytomedicine, 16 (10), 897-903. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403290 (accessed 05.16.2011).

B, C Calabrese, C., et al. 2008. Effects of a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract on cognitive performance, anxiety, and depression in the elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement Med., 14 (6), 707-713. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153866/?tool=pubmed (accessed 05.16.2011).

C Stough, C., et al. 2008. Examining the nootropic effects of a special extract of Bacopa monniera on human cognitive functioning: 90-day double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Phytother Res., 22 (12), 1629–1634. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683852 (accessed 09.28.2011).

B, C Pravina, K., et al. 2007. Safety evaluation of BacoMind in healthy volunteers: A phase I study. Phytomedicine, 14 (5), 301–308. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711307000487 (accessed 10.05.2011).

B, C Raghav, S., et al. 2006. Randomized controlled trial of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in age-associated memory impairment. Indian J. Psychiatry, 48 (4), 238-242. URL: http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=2006;volume=48;issue=4;spage=238;epage=242;aulast=Raghav (accessed 05.16.2011).

C Russo, A., & Borrelli, F. 2005. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine, 12 (4), 305–317. URL: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bacopa+monniera%2c+a+reputed+nootropic+plant%3a+an+overview-a0133802203 (accessed 09.29.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Kar, A., et al. 2002. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81 (2), 281–285. URL (abstract): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037887410200048X (accessed 10.05.2011).

C Sairam, K., et al. 2002. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine, 9 (3), 207–211. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12046860 (accessed 09.29.2011).

B Asthana, O., et al. 1996. Safety and tolerability of bacosides A and B in healthy human volunteers. Indian J. Pharmacol., 28 (1), 37. URL (no abstract available): http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/root/A/2065/ (accessed 10.05.2011).

Coleus forskohlii

A1–A3, A5, C Andrade, B., et al. 2011. A novel role for AMP-kinase in the regulation of the Na+/I--symporter and iodide uptake in the rat thyroid gland. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol,, 300 (6), C1291-1297. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389275 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Doorn, J., et al. 2011. Forskolin enhances in vivo bone formation by human mesenchymal stromal cells. Tissue Eng. Part A. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942968 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B Montalbetti, N., et al. 2011. Homeostasis of extracellular ATP in human erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. [Epub ahead of print.] URL: http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2011/09/15/jbc.M111.221713.long (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Lele, R. 2010. Beyond reverse pharmacology: Mechanism-based screening of Ayurvedic drugs. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med., 1 (4), 257–265. URL: http://www.jaim.in/article.asp?issn=0975-9476;year=2010;volume=1;issue=4;spage=257;epage=265;aulast=Lele (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Lichtl–Kaiser, K., et al. 2009. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase signaling modulates pregnane x receptor activity in a species-specific manner. J. Biol. Chem., 284 (11), 6639–6649. URL (PDF): http://www.jbc.org/content/284/11/6639.full.pdf+html (accessed 10.05.2011).

A1–A3, A5, B, C Ding, X, & Staudinger, J. 2005. Induction of drug metabolism by forskolin: The role of the pregnane X receptor and the protein kinase A signal transduction pathway. JPET, 312 (2), 849–856. URL: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/312/2/849.long (accessed 10.05.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Sun, S-C., et al. 2009. Thyrostimulin, but not thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), acts as a paracrine regulator to activate the TSH receptor in mammalian ovary. J. Biol. Chem., 285 (6), 3758 –3765. URL: http://www.jbc.org/content/285/6/3758.long (accessed 10.06.2011).

A1–A3, A5, B, C Monograph. 2006. Coleus forskohlii. Altern. Med. Rev. 11 (1), 47-51. URL: http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/11/1/47.pdf (accessed 05.16.2011).

B, C Henderson, S., et al. 2005. Effects of Coleus forskohlii supplementation on body composition and hematological profiles in mildly overweight women. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2 (2), 54-64. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129145/ (accessed 05.16.2011).

A1–A5 Venkateswaran, A., et al. 2004. Forskolin, 8-Br-3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate, and catalytic protein kinase A expression in the nucleus increase radioiodide uptake and sodium/iodide symporter protein levels in RET/PTC1-expressing cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (12), 6168-6172. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/89/12/6168.long (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Sidhu, J., & Omiecinski, C. 1996. Forskolin-mediated induction of CYP3A1 mRNA expression in primary rat hepatocytes is independent of elevated intracellular cyclic AMP. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 276 (1), 238–245. URL: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/276/1/238.abstract?ijkey=219ddd03765d3387d7e844b1c078e2a82694c2d5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha (accessed 10.05.2011).

A1–A3. A5, C Roger, P., et al. 1987. Regulation of dog thyroid epithelial cell cycle by forskolin, and adenylate cyclase activator. Exp. Cell. Res., 172 (2), 282-292. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2820768 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Ammon, H., & Muller, A. 1985. Forskolin: From an ayurvedic remedy to a modern agent. Planta Med. 51, 473-477. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17345261 (accessed 10.06.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Haye, B., et al. 1985. Chronic and acute effects of forskolin on isolated thyroid cell metabolism. Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 43 (1), 41-50. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2998908 (accessed 10.06.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Kasai, K., et al. 1985. Forskolin stimulation of adenylate cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh.), 108 (2), 200-205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4038568 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Mokhtari, A., et al. 1985. Forskolin modulates cyclic AMP generation in the rat myometrium. Interactions with isoproterenol and prostaglandins E2 and I2. J. Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphor. Res., 10 (3), 213-227. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2991348 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Daly, J., et al. 1982. Activation of cyclic AMP-generating systems in brain membranes and slices by the diterpene forskolin: augmentation of receptor-mediated responses. J. Neurochem., 38 (2), 532-544. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6125572 (accessed 10.06.2011).

A1–A5, C Fradkin J., et al. 1982. Forskolin stimulation of thyroid adenylate cyclase and cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate accumulation. Endocrinology, 111 (3), 849-856. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6286284 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Seamon, K., & Daly, J. 1981. Forskolin: A unique diterpene activator of cyclic AMP-generating systems. J. Cyclic Nucleotide Res., 7 (4), 201-224. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6278005 (accessed 10.06.2011).

A4, C Seamon, K., et al. 1981. Forskolin: A unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and in intact cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 3363-3367. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC319568/ (accessed 10.06.2011).

Humulus lupulus (hops)

B, C Dorn, C., et al. 2010. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int. J. Oncol., 36 (2), 435-441. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043079 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B Dorn, C., et al. 2010. Xanthohumol feeding does not impair organ function and homoeostasis in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48 (7), 1890-1897. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20427021 (accessed 10.06.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Radović, B., et al. 2010. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 54 (Suppl. 2), S225-S235. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20461738 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B, C Ho, Y-C., et al. 2008. Inhibitory effects of xanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Phytother. Res., 22 (11), 1465-1468. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814205 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Zanoli, P., & Zavatti, M. 2008. Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116 (3), 383–396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18308492 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B Nagasako-Akazome, Y., et al. 2007. Safety evaluation of polyphenols extracted from hop bracts. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45 (8), 1383-1392. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376578 (accessed 04.16.2011).

C Delmulle, L., et al. 2006. Anti-proliferative properties of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in human prostate cancer cell lines. Phytomedicine, 13 (9-10), 732-734. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678392 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Vanhoecke, B., et al. 2005. Antiinvasive effect of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. Int. J. Cancer, 117 (6), 889-895. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986430 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B, C Morin, C., et al. 2005. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep, 28 (11), 1465-1471. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16335333 (accessed 05.16.2011).

C Nikolic, D., et al. 2005. Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), by human liver microsomes. J. Mass Spectrom., 40 (3), 289–299. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15712367 (accessed 10.07.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Radović, B., et al. 2005. Xanthohumol stimulates iodide uptake in rat thyroid-derived FRTL-5 cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 49 (9), 832-836. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16092068 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B, C Vanhoecke, B., et al. 2005. A safety study of oral tangeretin and xanthohumol administration to laboratory mice. In Vivo, 19 (1), 103-107. URL: http://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/19/1/103.long (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Stevens, J., & Page, J. 2004. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: To your good health! Phytochemistry, 65 (10), 1317–1330. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231405 (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Milligan, S., et al. 1999. Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 84 (6), 2249-2252. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/84/6/2249.long (accessed 10.06.2011).

C Stevens J., et al. 1999. Fate of xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops to beer. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 2421-2428. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10794646 (accessed 10.06.2011).

B, C Schmitz, M., & Jäckel, M. 1998. Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hops-valerian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug. Wien. Med. Wochenschr., 148 (13), 291-298. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9757514 (accessed 05.16.2011).

Iodine

C Dasgupta, P. 2009. Perchlorate: A cause for iodine deficiency? Environ. Chem., 6 (1), 7–9. URL (abstract): http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/188/paper/EN08108.htm (accessed 06.15.2009).

A1–A5, B, C Zimmermann, M. 2009. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: A review. Am. J.Clin. Nutr., 89 (2), 668S–672S. URL (abstract): http://www.ajcn.org/content/89/2/668S.long (accessed 06.12.2009).

A1–A5, B, C Brownstein, D. 2008. Iodine: Why you need it. Why you can’t live without it, 104. West Bloomfield, MI: Medical Alternatives Press.

B, C Dasgupta, P., et al. 2008. Iodine nutrition: Iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (4), 1315–1323. URL (PDF): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es0719071 (accessed 05.15.2009).

A1, A2, A3, A5 Kopp, P. 2008. Reduce, recycle, reuse — Iodotyrosine deiodinase in thyroid iodide metabolism. NEJM, 358 (17), 1856–1859. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/17/1856 (accessed 05.12.2009).

A1–A5, B, C Patrick, L. 2008. Iodine deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (2), 116–127. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf (accessed 06.12.2009).

B, C Hollowell, J., & Haddow, J. 2007. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States. Public Health Nutr., 10 (12A), 1532–1539; discussion 1540–1541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053275 (accessed 06.15.2009).

C Blount, B., et al. 2006. Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect., 114 (12), 1865–1871. URL: http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9466/9466.html (accessed 06.15.2009).

A1–A5, B, C Utiger, R. 2006. Iodine nutrition — more is better. NEJM, 354 (26), 2819–2821. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2819 (accessed 06.12.2009).

See also correction: NEJM, 355 (12), 1289. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/12/1289 (accessed 06.12.2009).

C Caldwell, K., et al. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Thyroid, 15 (7), 692–699. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 06.15.2009).

A1–A5, B Angermayr, L., & Clar, C. 2004. Iodine supplementation for preventing iodine deficiency disorders in children. CDSR, 2, CD00819. URL (summary): http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003819.html (accessed 09.29.2011).

A1–A5, B, C de Benoist, B., et al., eds. 2004. Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization. URL (PDF): http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241592001.pdf (accessed 06.11.2009).

B, C Hathcock, J. 2004. Iodine. In Vitamin and Mineral Safety, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Council for Responsible Nutrition. URL (PDF): http://www.crnusa.org/safetypdfs/024CRNSafetyIodine.pdf (accessed 09.29.2011).

C Vermiglio, F., et al. 2004. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild–moderate iodine deficiency: A possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (12), 60544–6060. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/12/6054 (accessed 06.16.2009).

B Wright, S. 2002. US iodine consumption declining. Boston Globe, July 22, 2002, page A3. URL: http://www.allthyroid.org/news/archive/iodine_deficiency.html (accessed 06.15.2009).

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes, 258. Washington DC: National Academy Press.

A1–3, A5, B, C Hollowell, J., et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: Iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (10), 3401–3408. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/10/3401 (accessed 06.12.2009).

A1–A5 Laurenberg, P., et al. 1998. Iodine intake and the pattern of thyroid disorders: A comparative epidemiological study of thyroid abnormalities in the elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 765–769. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/3/765 (accessed 05.19.2009).

A1–A5, B Reinhardt, W., et al. 1998. Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis residing in an area of mild iodine deficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 139 (1), 23-28. URL: http://eje-online.org/content/139/1/23.long (accessed 09.29.2011).

A1–A5, B, C Stanbury, J. 1996. Iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders. In E. Ziegler & L. Filer, eds. Present Knowledge of Nutrition, 7th ed., 378–383. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.

B Chow, C., et al. 1991. Effect of low-dose iodide supplementation on thyroid function in potentially susceptible subjects: Are dietary iodide levels in Britain acceptable? Clin. Endocrinol., 34 (5), 416–423. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2060151 (accessed 09.29.2011).

A1, A2, A3, A5 Melish, J. 1990. Chapter 135. Thyroid Disease. In Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Walker, H., et al., eds. Boston: Butterworths. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK241/ (accessed 09.29.2011).

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

B, C Bommer, S., et al. 2011. First time proof of sage’s tolerability and efficacy in menopausal women with hot flushes. Adv. Ther., 28 (6), 490-500. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21630133 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Miguel, G., et al. 2011. Salvia officinalis L. essential oils: effect of hydrodistillation time on the chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nat. Prod. Res., 25 (5), 526-541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391115 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Walch, S., et al. 2011. Determination of the biologically active flavour substances thujone and camphor in foods and medicines containing sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Chem. Cent. J., 5, 44. URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3155476/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Lamien-Meda, A., et al. 2010. Investigation of antioxidant and rosmarinic acid variation in the sage collection of the Genebank in Gatersleben. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58 (6), 3813-3819. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf903993f (accessed 10.04.2011).

B Oniga, I., et al. 2010. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. from Romania. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi., 114 (2), 593-595. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20701010 (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Oboh, G., & Henle, T. 2009. Antioxidant and inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Salvia officinalis leaves on pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver in vitro. J. Med. Food., 12 (1), 77–84. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298199 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Schapowal, A., et al. 2009. Echinacea/sage or chlorhexidine/lidocaine for treating acute sore throats: A randomized double-blind trial. Eur. J. Med. Res., 14 (9), 406-412. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748859 (accessed 09.29.2011).

B Bozin, B., et al. 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55 (19), 7879-7885. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf0715323 (accessed 10.04. 2011).

B Fecka, I., & Turek, S. 2007. Determination of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal teas from Lamiaceae: Peppermint, melissa, and sage. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55 (26), 10908-10917. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf072284d (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Raal, A., et al. 2007. Composition of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. from various European countries. Nat. Prod. Res., 21 (5), 406-411. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17487611 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B, C Hubbert, M., et al. 2006. Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis — a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis. Eur. J. Med. Res., 11 (1), 20-26. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504956 (accessed 05.16.2011).

B, C Akhondzadeh, S., et al. 2003. Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 28 (1), 53-59. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12605619 (accessed 05.16.2011).

B, C Miura, K., et al. 2003. Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) measured by the oil stability index method. J. AGric. Food Chem., 50 (7), 1845–1851. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf011314o (accessed 10.04.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Danilenko, M., et al. 2001. Carnosic acid and promotion of monocytic differentiation of HL60-G cells initiated by other agents. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93 (16), 1224–1233. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/16/1224.long (accessed 10.07.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Steiner, M., et al. 2001. Carnosic acid inhibits proliferation and augments differentiation of human leukemic cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoic acid. Nutr Cancer, 41 (1-2), 135-44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094616 (accessed 10.07.2011).

C Zupkó, I., et al. 2001. Antioxidant activity of leaves of Salvia species in enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent systems of lipid peroxidation and their phenolic constituents. Planta Med., 67 (4), 366-368. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11458459 (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Hohmann, J., et al. 1999. Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation. Planta Med., 65 (6), 576-578. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10532875 (accessed 10.04.2011).

B Perry, N., et al. 1999. Essential oils from Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis I.): Variations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47 (5), 2048–2054. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10552494 (accessed 10.04.2011).

A1–A3, A5, B, C De Leo, V., et al. 1998. [Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent.] Minerva Ginecol., 50 (5), 207-211. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9677811 (accessed 05.16.2011).

B, C Wang, M., et al. 1998. Antioxidative phenolic compounds from sage (Salvia officinalis). J. Agric. Food Chem., 46 (12), 4869–4873. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf980614b (accessed 10.04.2011).

C Cuvelier, M., et al. 1994. Antioxidant constituents in sage (Salvia officinalis). J. Agric. Food Chem., 42 (3), 665–669. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00039a012 (accessed 10.04.2011).

Selenium

A1–3, A5 Kishosha, P., et al. 2011. Selenium deficiency a factor in endemic goiter persistence in sub-Saharan Africa. World. J. Surg., 35 (7), 1540–1545. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21523503 (accessed 09.30.2011).

A1–3, A5, B Marcocci, C., et al. 2011. NEJM, 364, 1920-1931. Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy URL: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1012985 (accessed 08.25.2011).

C Combs, G., et al. 2009. Effects of selenomethionine supplementation on selenium status and thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89 (6), 1808–1814. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682996/?tool=pubmed (accessed 09.30.2011).

B, C Schrauzer, G., & Surai, P. 2009. Selenium in human and animal nutrition: Resolved and unresolved issues. A partly historical treatise in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery of the biological essentiality of selenium, dedicated to the memory of Klaus Schwarz (1914-1978) on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his death. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 29 (1), 2-9. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19514898 (accessed 10.04.2011).

A1–A3, A5, B Patrick, L. 2008. Iodine deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (2), 116–127. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf (accessed 06.12.2009).

A1–A3, B Rayman, M., et al. 2008. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (2), 370–378. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/content/87/2/370.long (accessed 09.30.2011).

C Reid, M., et al. 2008. The nutritional prevention of cancer: 400 mcg per day selenium treatment. Nutr. Cancer., 60 (2), 155–163. URL (abstract): h http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444146 (accessed 09.30.2011).

A1–A3, A5, C Schomburg, L., & Köhrle, J. 2008. On the importance of selenium and iodine metabolism for thyroid hormone biosynthesis and human health. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52 (11), 1235-1246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18686295 (accessed 10.04.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Robin, C. 2007. Iodine Remedies: Secrets from the Sea, 36. Madison, WI: Service to the Good of Life. URL (PDF): www.jcrows.com/MaryJoFahey_IodineRemediesSecretsFromTheSea.pdf (accessed 05.18.2009).

B, C Schroeder, J., et al. 2005. Safety and intestinal tolerance of high-dose enteral antioxidants and glutamine peptides after upper gastrointestinal surgery. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 59 (2), 307-310. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15508015 (accessed 05.16.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Derumeaux, H., et al. 2003. Association of selenium with thyroid volume and echostructure in 35- to 60-year-old French adults. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 148 (3), 309-315. URL: http://eje-online.org/content/148/3/309.long (accessed 10.04.02011).

A1–A3, A5, B Zimmermann, M., & Köhrle, J. 2002. The impact of iron and selenium deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: Biochemistry and relevance to public health. Thyroid, 12 (10), 867-878. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487769 (accessed 09.29.2011).

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Adaptisol™

Description

Supplement facts

References

Natural support for the over-worked and over-wired

Adaptisol is for women who feel fatigued, “fried,” and as if they are constantly running on empty. Over 85% of the women we see at the Clinic experience these symptoms of overworked adrenal glands. Happily, we’ve achieved success with most women simply by increasing the natural support they give their bodies.

We’ve found that most women who visit the Clinic are chronically stressed due to constant demands from hectic careers, family, and the 24/7 technology that saturates our daily lives. When your adrenals are producing higher levels of cortisol and adrenaline than your body can sustain, you eventually become worn down, even exhausted. Without adrenal glands that function properly, the body loses its ability to settle down, relax, sleep, and rejuvenate.

What is Adaptisol™

Adaptisol is a natural, holistic, adrenal-support supplement formulated to address the most common symptoms of overworked adrenals. It draws from the latest research on phytotherapy to reduce the negative side effects of stress, and features standardized extracts of established herbs known for their adaptogenic properties:

Astragalus Root — used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years to support the immune system and help protect the body from physical, mental, or emotional stress.
Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) — prized for its ability to reduce fatigue, increase energy, and enhance mental clarity. Also widely used to boost the immune system and immune system response.
Rhodiola — a medicinal plant used for centuries in Russia and Scandinavia to improve response to physical stress, enhance immune function, and reduce fatigue.
Cordyceps — an East Asian extract used since ancient times to promote overall good health and, more specifically, to replenish immune system function. It also appears to act as an antioxidant in the body, protecting it from free-radical damage.

Adaptisol™ can:

Provide an increase in energy levels, giving you endurance throughout the day.
Help bolster the immune system so you stay well.
Aid the body’s natural ability to adapt to stress.
Enhance mental clarity.

Adaptisol™ contains absolutely no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, dyes, or coloring of any kind. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard used for pharmaceutical drugs.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s Adaptisol is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, represent a sampling of the research on the constituents of Adaptisol.

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis)
Eleuthero (aka Siberian ginseng) (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)

Astragalus membranaceus

Gao, X., et al. 2011. Qi-Shao-Shuang-Gan, a combination of Astragalus membranaceus saponins with Paeonia lactiflora glycosides, ameliorates polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture in mice. Inflammation, 34 (1), 10–21. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237952 (accessed 03.04. 2011).

Li, M., et al. 2011. Meta-analysis of the clinical value of Astragalus membranaceus in diabetic nephropathy. J. Ethnopharmacol., 133 (2), 412–419. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/pubmed/20951192 (accessed 03.04.02011).

Sevimli–Gür, C., et al. 2011. In vitro growth stimulatory and in vivo wound healing studies on cycloartane-type saponins of Astragalus genus. J. Ethnopharmacol. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21291980 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Wang, Y., & Yu, Y. 2011. [Protective effects of Astragalus membranaceus on free fatty acid-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban., 42 (1), 48–51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21355300 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Hong, F., et al. 2010. The known immunologically active components of Astragalus account for only a small proportion of the immunological adjuvant activity when combined with conjugate vaccines. Planta Med. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21128203 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Jiang, J., et al. 2010. Therapeutic effects of astragalus polysaccharides on inflammation and synovial apoptosis in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Int. J. Rheum. Dis., 13 (4), 396–405. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199477 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Li, M., et al. 2010. [Astragalus membranaceus improves endothelial-dependent vasodilator function in obese rats]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 30 (1), 7–10. URL (PDF): http://www.j-smu.com/pdf2/201001/2010017.pdf (accessed 03.04.02011).

Liu, Q., et al. 2010. Astragalus polysaccharides regulate T cell-mediated immunity via CD11c(high)CD45RB(low) DCs in vitro. J. Ethnopharmacol. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620204 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Lu, M., et al. 2010. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus in rats on peripheral nerve regeneration: In vitro and in vivo studies. J. Trauma, 68 (2), 434–440. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20154555 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Yang, Q., et al. 2010. [Effects of astragalus on cardiac function and serum tumor neorosis factor-alpha level in patients with chronic heart failure]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 30 (7), 699–701. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20929124 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Yin, X., et al. 2010. Enhancement of the innate immune response of bladder epithelial cells by Astragalus polysaccharides through upregulation of TLR4 expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 397 (2), 232–238. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20546703 (accessed 03.04. 2011).

Zhang, D., & Wang, D. 2010. [Progressive studies on biological activity of total flavonoids of Astragalus]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi., 35 (2), 253–256. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi/nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20394306 (accessed 03.04.02011).

Kuo, Y., et al. 2009. Astragalus membranaceus flavonoids (AMF) ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome induced by food intake restriction plus forced swimming. J. Ethnopharmacol., 122 (1), 28–34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19103273 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Mao, X., et al. 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Astragalus membranaceus in diet induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanism. Phytomedicine, 16 (5), 416–425. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201177 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Wang, S., et al. 2009. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities of astragaloside IV isolated from radix Astragali. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 32 (1), 132–135. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/32/1/32_132/_article (accessed 03.10.2009).

Xu, A., et al. 2009. Selective elevation of adiponectin production by the natural compounds derived from a medicinal herb alleviates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese mice. Endocrinology, 150 (2), 625–633. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927219 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Cho, W., & Leung, K. 2007. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulating and immunorestorative effects of Astragalus membranaceus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113 (1), 132–141. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611061 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ai, P., et al. 2008. Aqueous extract of Astragali Radix induces human naturiuresis through enhancement of renal response to atrial natriuretic peptide. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116 (3), 413–421. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18243612 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Du, Q., et al. 2008. Inhibitory effects of astragaloside IV on ovalbumin-induced chronic experimental asthma. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 86 (7), 449–457. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641694 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Li, R., et al. 2008. [Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide in diabetic mice.] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (2), 166–170. URL (PDF): http://www.jcimjournal.com/articles/publishArticles/pdf/20082261195.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Jiang, B., et al. 2008. Astragaloside IV attenuates lipolysis and improves insulin resistance induced by TNFalpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother. Res., 22 (11), 1434–1439. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972582 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Peng, X., et al. 2008. [Regulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on the immune disorder in rats with IgA nephropathy.] Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi, 46 (1), 55–60. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353241 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ryu, M., et al. 2008. Astragali Radix elicits anti-inflammation via activation of MKP-1, concomitant with attenuation of p38 and Erk. J. Ethnopharmacol., 115 (2), 184–193. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996413 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Shen, H., et al. 2008. Astragalus membranaceus prevents airway hyperreactivity in mice related to Th2 response inhibition. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116 (2), 363–369. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226482 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Sun, W., et al. 2008. Protective effect of extract from Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus against liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette–Guérin and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 103 (2), 143–149. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18816297 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Yuan, W., et al. 2008. Astragaloside IV inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells under high glucose concentration in vitro. Planta Med., 74 (10), 1259–1264. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622899 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Zhang, G., et al. 2008. [Effects of Astragalus on renal tubulointerstitial lesions and expression of NF-kappaB and MCP-1 in renal tissues in rat experimental IgA nephropathy.] Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi, 10 (2), 173–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433541 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Zhu, S., et al. 2008. Astragaloside IV inhibits spontaneous synaptic transmission and synchronized Ca2+ oscillations on hippocampal neurons. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 29 (1), 57–64. URL: http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/29/57.htm (accessed 03.10.2009).

Hu, J., et al. 2007. [Protective effects of Astragaloside and Quercetin on rat myocardial cells after hypoxia.] Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi, 23 (3), 175–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18019054 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Li, R., et al. 2007. The immunotherapeutic effects of Astragaluspolysaccharide in type 1 diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30 (3), 470–476. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/30/3/470/_pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Luo, G., et al. 2007. [Effect of Astragalus membranaceus injection on activity of intestinal mucosal mast cells and inflammatory response after hemorrahagic shock-reperfusion in rats.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 32 (14), 1436–1440. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17966360 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ma, W., et al. 2007. Combined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30 (11), 2079–2083. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/30/11/2079/_pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Roxas, M., & Jurenka, J. 2007. Colds and influenza: A review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 12 (1), 25-48. Review. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/1/25.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Xu, H., et al. 2007. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and astragalosides on the phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages. J. Int. Med. Res., 35 (1), 84–90. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408058 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Zhang, Z., et al. 2007. [Effect of astragaloside on myocardial fibrosis in chronic myocarditis.] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 27 (8), 728–731. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879539 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Zhang, Z., et al. 2007. Merit of Astragalus polysaccharide in the improvement of early diabetic nephropathy with an effect on mRNA expressions of NF-kappaB and IkappaB in renal cortex of streptozotoxin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 114 (3), 387–392. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900838 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Zwickey, H., et al. 2007. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: A pilot study. Phytother. Res., 21 (11), 1109–1112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661330 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Cai, X., et al. 2006. [Experimental treatment of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease in rats with acupoint injection of Astragalus parenteral solution.] Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban., 35 (4), 430–434, 439. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924709 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Gao, Q., et al. 2006. A Chinese herbal decoction, Danggui Buxue Tang, prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis stimulates the immune responses. Planta Med., 72 (13), 1227–1231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902872 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Yu, J., et al. 2006. Inhibitory effects of astragaloside IV on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 84 (6), 579–587. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16900242 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Wu, J., et al. 2006. Effect of Astragalus injection on serious abdominal traumatic patients’ cellular immunity. Chin. J. Integr. Med., 12 (1), 29–31. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16571280 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Xu, M., et al. 2006. Effects of astragaloside IV on pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 27 (2), 229–236. URL: http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/27/229.htm (accessed 03.10.2009).

Yang, Y., et al. 2006. [Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on TH cell subset function in children with recurrent tonsillitis.] Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi, 8 (5), 376–378. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17052394 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Zhang, Y., et al. 2006. Astragaloside IV exerts antiviral effects against coxsackievirus B3 by upregulating interferon-gamma. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 47 (2), 190–195. 2006. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16495755 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Ko, J., et al. 2005. Amelioration of experimental colitis by Astragalus membranaceus through anti-oxidation and inhibition of adhesion molecule synthesis. World J. Gastroenterol., 11 (37), 5787–5794. URL: http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/11/5787.asp (accessed 03.12.2009).

Lee, H., & Lee, J. 2005. Effects of medicinal herb tea on the smoking cessation and reducing smoking withdrawal symptoms. Am. J. Chin. Med., 33 (1), 127–138. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15844840 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Mao, X., et al. 2005. Effects of beta-glucan obtained from the Chinese herb Astragalus membranaceus and lipopolysaccharide challenge on performance, immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 83 (12), 2775–2782. URL: http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/full/83/12/2775 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ning, K., et al. 2005. [Effects of Huangqi on phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage of mice.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 30 (21), 1670–1672. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400945 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Mao, S. et al. 2004. [Modulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on Th1/Th2 cytokine in patients with herpes simplex keratitis.] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 24 (2), 121–123. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015443 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Shao, B., et al. 2004. A study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 320 (4), 1103–1111. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15249203 (accessed 03.12.2009).

[No author listed.] 2003. Astragalus membranaceus. Monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 8 (1), 72–77. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/8/1/72.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Mills, S., & Bone, K. 2000. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy, 273–279. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Huang, Z., et al. 1995. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with viral myocarditis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 15 (6), 328–330. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7549379 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Chu, D., et al. 1994. The in vitro potentiation of LAK cell cytotoxicity in cancer and AIDS patients induced by F3 – a fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 16 (3), 167–171. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7956691 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Zhao, X. 1992. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus and Tripterygium hypoglancum on natural killer cell activity of peripheral blood mononuclear in systemic lupus erythematosus. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 12 (11), 679–671, 645. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1301849 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Qian, Z., et al. 1990. Viral etiology of chronic cervicitis and its therapeutic response to a recombinant interferon. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 103 (8), 647–651. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173655 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Yang, Y., et al. 1990. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on natural killer cell activity and induction of alpha- and gamma-interferon in patients with Coxsackie B viral myocarditis. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 103, 304–307.

Yuan, W., et al. 1990. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on electric activities of cultured rat beating heart cells infected with Coxsackie B-2 virus. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 103 (3), 177–182. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2164463 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Wang, D. 1989. Influence of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) polysaccharide FB on immunologic function of human periphery blood lymphocyte. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, 11 (3), 180–183. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2612327 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Cordyceps sinensis

Sheng L., et al. 2011. An exopolysaccharide from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on cytokine expressions of immunocytes. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 163 (5), 669–678. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811959 (accessed 03.04.0211).

Chen, S., et al. 2010. Effect of Cs-4 (Cordyceps sinensis) on exercise performance in healthy older subjects: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 16 (5), 585–590. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804368 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Chen, W., et al. 2010. Effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction isolated from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on macrophages in vitro. Cell Immunol., 262 (1), 69–74. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138259 (accessed 03.04. 2011).

Xiao, G., et al. 2010. Activation of myeloid dendritic cells by deoxynucleic acids from Cordyceps sinensis via a Toll-like receptor 9-dependent pathway. Cell Immunol., 263 (2), 241–250. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451901 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Cheung, J., et al. 2009. Cordysinocan, a polysaccharide isolated from cultured Cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: Signaling cascade and induction of cytokines. J. Ethnopharmacol., 124 (1), 61–68. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19446414 (accessed 09.25.2009).

Guo, J., et al. 2009. A contemporary treatment approach to both diabetes and depression by Cordyceps sinensis, rich in vanadium. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948751 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Ji, D., et al. 2009. Antiaging effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract. Phyther. Res., 23 (1), 116–122. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803231 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Li, C., et al. 2009. Two-sided effect of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cells in different physiological stages. J. Leukoc. Biol., 85. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (PDF): http://www.jleukbio.org/cgi/rapidpdf/jlb.0908573v1 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Shi, B., et al. 2009. Immunoregulatory Cordyceps sinensis increases regulatory T cells to Th17 cell ratio and delays diabetes in NOD mice. Int. Immunopharmacol., 9 (5), 582–586. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19557879 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Zhou, X., et al. 2009. Cordyceps fungi: Natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 61 (3), 279–291. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222900 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Park, D., et al. 2008. Immunoglobulin and cytokine production from mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes is regulated by extracts of Cordyceps sinensis in C57BI/6N mice. J. Med. Food, 11 (4), 784–787. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053874 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Patterson, R. 2008. Cordyceps: A traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Phytochemistry, 69 (7), 1469–1495. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18343466 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Wang, X., et al. 2008. Cordyceps mycelia extract decreases portal hypertension in rats with dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver cirrhosis: A study on its histological basis. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (11), 1136–1144. URL: http://www.jcimjournal.com/en/FullText2.aspx?articleID=167219772008111136 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Wang, X., et al. 2008. [Intervening and therapeutic effect of Cordyceps mycelia extract on liver cirrhosis induced by dimethylnitrosamine in rats.] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 28 (7), 617–622. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18822912 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Yoon, T., et al. 2008. Innate immune stimulation of exo-polymers prepared from Cordyceps sinensis by submerged culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80 (6), 1087–1093. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18690428 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Zhang, Z., et al. 2008. Chemical composition and bioactivity changes in stale rice after fermentation with Cordyceps sinensis. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 106 (2), 188–193. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jbb/106/2/106_188/_article (accessed 03.16.2009).

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Huang, H., et al. 2007. [Inhibitory effects of Cordyceps extract on growth of colon cancer cells.] Zhong Yao Cai, 30 (3), 310–313. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17634040 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Ko, K., & Leung, H. 2007. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin. Med., 2 (1), 3. URL: http://www.cmjournal.org/content/2/1/3 (accessed 08.12.2009).

Kuo, C., et al. 2007. Abrogation of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B-mediated suppression of phagocytosis in U937 cells by Cordyceps sinensis mycelium via production of cytokines. Food Chem. Toxicol., 45 (2), 278–285. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17029726 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Kuo, M., et al. 2007. Immunomodulatory effect of exo-polysaccharides from submerged cultured Cordyceps sinensis: Enhancement of cytokine synthesis, CD11b expression, and phagocytosis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 75 (4), 769–775. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310399 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Nishizawa, K., et al. 2007. Antidepressant-like effect of Cordyceps sinensis in the mouse tail suspension test. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30 (9), 1758–1762. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/30/9/1758/_pdf (accessed 03.16.2009).

Rao, Y., et al. 2007. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferation tumoral cells activities of Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis, and Cinnamomum osmophloeum bark extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol., 114 (1), 78–85. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17822865 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Xiao, J., & Zhong, J. 2007. Secondary metabolites from Cordyceps species and their antitumor activity studies. Recent Pat. Biotechnol., 1 (2), 123–137. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075836 (accessed 03.16.2009).

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Zhang, Q., & Wu, J. 2007. Cordyceps sinensis mycelium extract induces human premyelocytic leukemia cell apoptosis through mitochondrion pathway. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 232 (1), 52–57. URL: http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/232/1/52 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Ka Wai Lee, S., et al. 2006. Immunomodulatory activities of HERBSnSENSES Cordyceps — in vitro and in vivo studies. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 28 (2), 341–360. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873101 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Li, F., et al. 2006. [Effects of Cordyceps sinensis alcohol extractive on serum interferon-gamma level and splenic T lymphocyte subset in mice with viral myocarditis.] Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 22 (3), 321–323.URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16643790 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Li, S., et al. 2006. Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine, 13 (6), 428–433. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716913 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Lo, H., et al. 2006. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of natural and fermented Cordyceps sinensis in rats with diabetes induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Am. J. Chin Med., 34 (5), 819–832. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17080547 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Wu, Y., et al. 2006. Effect of various extracts and a polysaccharide from the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice. Phytother. Res., 20 (8), 646–652. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16691546 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Zhang, G., et al. 2006. Hypoglycemic activity of the fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 72 (6), 1152–1156. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16575562 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Buenz, E., et al. 2005. The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptotic homeostasis. J. Ethnopharmacol., 96 (1–2), 19–29. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588646 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Colson, S., et al. 2005. Cordyceps sinensis- and Rhodiola rosea-based supplementation in male cyclists and its effect on muscle tissue oxygen saturation. J. Strength Cond. Res., 19 (2), 358–363. URL (abstract): (accessed 03.13.2009).

Kuo, C., et al. 2005. Cordyceps sinensis mycelium protects mice from group A streptococcal infection. J. Med. Microbiol., 54 (Pt. 8), 795–802. URL (accessed 03.16.2009).

Leu, S., et al. 2005. The in vivo effect of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on plasma corticosterone level in male mouse. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 28 (9), 1722–1725. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/9/28_1722/_article (accessed 03.16.2009).

Ng, T., & Wang, H. 2005. Pharmacological actions of Cordyceps, a prized folk medicine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 57 (12), 1509–1519. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16354395 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Wang, B., et al. 2005. Free radical scavenging and apoptotic effects of Cordyceps sinensis fractionated by supercritical carbon dioxide. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43 (4), 543–552. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15721201 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Zhang, W., et al. 2005. Immunomodulatory and antitumour effects of an exopolysaccharide fraction from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis (Chinese caterpillar fungus) on tumour-bearing mice. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 42 (Pt. 1), 9–15. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574120 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Lo, H., et al. 2004. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the fruiting body of Cordyceps in diabetic rats induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Life Sci., 74 (23), 2897–2908. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050427 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Siu, K., et al. 2004. Pharmacological basis of “yin-nourishing” and “yang-invigorating” actions of Cordyceps, a Chinese tonifying herb. Life Sci., 76 (4), 385–395. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530501 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Wang, Y., et al. 2004. [An experimental study on anti-aging action of Cordyceps extract.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 29 (8), 773–776. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506292 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Koh, J., et al. 2002. Activation of macrophages and the intestinal immune system by an orally administered decoction from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 66 (2), 407–411. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/66/2/66_407/_article/-char/en (accessed 09.25.2009).

Weng, S., et al. 2002. Immunomodulatory functions of extracts from the Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae. J. Ethnopharmacol., 83 (1–2), 79–85. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413710 (accessed 09.25.2009).

Kuo, Y., et al. 2001. Regulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids cell function by the immunomodulatory agents from Cordyceps sinensis. Life Sci., 68 (9), 1067–1082. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11212870 (accessed 09.25.2009).

Sugar, A., & McCaffrey, R. 1998. Antifungal activity of 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 42(6), 1424–1427. URL (full text): http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/42/6/1424?view=long&pmid=9624488 accessed 11.09.2009).

Zhu, J., et al. 1998. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis: part I. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 4 (3), 289–303. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9764768 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Zhu, J., et al. 1998. The scientific rediscovery of a precious ancient Chinese herbal regimen: Cordyceps sinensis: part II. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 4 (4), 429–457. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9884180 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Bai, Y., et al. 2011. Active components from Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) for protection of amyloid β(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy in cultured rat cortical neurons. J. Nat. Med. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21301979 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Hwang, Y., et al. 2009. The effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract on bone turnover and bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Metab. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19452124 (accessed 05.26.2009).

Panossian, A., et al. 2009. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine, 16 (6–7), 617–622. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188053 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Schutgens, F., et al. 2009. The influence of adaptogens on ultraweak biophoton emission: A pilot experiment. Phytother. Res. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170145 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Smalinskiene, A., et al. 2009. Estimation of the combined effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract and cadmium on liver cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1171, 314–320. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19723071 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Wiegant, F., et al. 2009. Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C. elegans. Biogerontology, 10 (1), 27–42. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18536978 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Bleakney, T. 2008. Deconstructing an adaptogen: Eleutherococcus senticosus. Holist. Nurs. Pract., 22 (4), 220–224. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607235 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Bocharov, E., et al. 2008. [Neuroprotective features of phytoadaptogens.] Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. (4), 47–50. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18488457 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Chen, T., et al. 2008. Antioxidant evaluation of three adaptogenic extracts. Am. J. Chin. Med., 36 (6), 1209–1217. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051347 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Liu, K., et al. 2008. Release of acetylcholine by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci. Lett., 434 (2), 195–199. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304730 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Niu, H., et al. 2008. Hypoglycemic effect of syringin from Eleutherococcus senticosus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med., 74 (2), 109–113. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203055 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Soya, H., et al. 2008. Extract from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms (Siberian ginseng) activates NTS and SON/PVN in the rat brain. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72 (9), 2476–2480. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/72/9/72_2476/_article (accessed 03.12.2009).

Tohda, C., et al. 2008. Inhibitory effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus extracts on amyloid beta(25-35)-induced neuritic atrophy and synaptic loss. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 107 (3), 329–339. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/107/3/107_329/_article (accessed 03.04.2011).

Jung, C., et al. 2007. Eleutherococcus senticosus extract attenuates LPS-induced iNOS expression through the inhibition of Akt and JNK pathways in murine macrophage. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113 (1), 183–187. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17644291 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Niu, H., et al. 2007. Increase of beta-endorphin secretion by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to produce antihyperglycemic action in type 1-like diabetic rats. Horm. Metab. Res., 39 (12), 894–898. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075969 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Roxas, M., & Jurenka, J. 2007. Colds and influenza: A review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 12 (1), 25–48. Review. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/1/25.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

[No author listed.] 2006. Monograph. Eleutherococcus senticosus. Altern. Med. Rev, 11 (2), 151–155. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/2/151.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Narimanian, M., et al. 2005. Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine, 12 (10), 723–729. URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323290 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Narimanian, M., et al. 2005. Randomized trial of a fixed combination (Kan Jang) of herbal extracts containing Adhatoda vasica, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Phytomedicine, 12 (8), 539–547. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121513 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Panossian, A., & Wagner, H. 2005. Stimulating effect of adaptogens: An overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single-dose administration. Phytother. Res., 19 (10), 819–838. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16261511 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Hartz, A., et al. 2004. Randomized controlled trial of Siberian ginseng for chronic fatigue. Psychol. Med., 34 (1), 51–61. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14971626 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Kimura, Y., & Sumiyoshi, M. 2004. Effects of various Eleutherococcus senticosus cortex on swimming time, natural killer activity and corticosterone level in forced swimming stressed mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 95 (2–3), 447–453. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15507373 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Arushanian, E., et al. 2003. [Effect of Eleutherococcus on short-term memory and visual perception in healthy humans.] Eskp. Klin. Farmakol., 66 (5), 10–13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14650206 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Rogala, E., et al. 2003. The influence of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular and humoral immunological response of mice. Pol. J. Vet. Sci., 6 (Suppl.), 37–39. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14509359 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Drozd, J., et al. 2002. Estimation of humoral activity of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Acta Pol. Pharm., 59 (5), 395–401. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12602802 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Panossian, A., et al. 2002. Effect of andrographolide and Kan Jang — fixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3 — on proliferation of human lymphocytes, production of cytokines and immune activation markers in the whole blood cells culture. Phytomedicine, 9 (7), 598–605. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12487323 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Gaffney, B., et al. 2001. Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus may exaggerate an already existing biphasic response to stress via inhibition of enzymes which limit the binding of stress hormones to their receptors. Med. Hypotheses, 56 (5), 567–572. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11388770 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Gaffney, B., et al. 2001. The effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng on steroidal hormone indices of stress and lymphocyte subset numbers in endurance athletes. Life Sci., 70 (4), 431–442. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11798012 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Schmolz, M., et al. 2001. The synthesis of Rantes, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-13 in human whole-blood cultures is modulated by an extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus L. roots. Phytother. Res., 15 (3), 268–270. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11351368 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Davydov, M., & Krikorian, A. 2000. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: A closer look. J.Ethnopharmacol., 72 (3), 345–393. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996277 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Fujikawa, T., et al. 1996. Protective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms from Hokkaido and its components on gastric ulcer in restrained cold-water-stressed rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 19 (9), 1227–1230. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8889047 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Nishibe, S., et al. 1990. Phenolic compounds from the stem bark of Acanthopanax senticosus and their pharmacological effect in chronic swimming stressed rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 38 (6), 1763–1765. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2208394 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Farnsworth. N., et al. 1985. “Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): Current status as an adaptogen.” In Economic and Medicinal Plant Research. Vol. 1, eds. H. Wagner et al., 217–284. London: Academic Press.

Medon, P., et al. 1981. Hypoglycemic effect and toxicity of Eleutherococcus senticosus following acute and chronic administration in mice. Acta Pharmalogica Sinica, 2 (4), 281–285. URL (PDF): http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/2/281.pdf (accessed 03.13.2009).

Brekhman, I., & Dardymov, J. 1969. Pharmacological investigation of glycosides from ginseng and Eleutherococcus. Lloydia, 32 (1), 46–51. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5788767 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Rhodiola rosea

Hung, S., et al. 2011. The effectiveness and efficacy of Rhodiola rosea L.: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Phytomedicine, 18 (4), 235–244. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036578 (accessed 02.21.2011).

Calcabrini, C., et al. 2010. Rhodiola rosea ability to enrich cellular antioxidant defenses of cultured human keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 302 (3), 191–200. URL (abstract): (accessed 03.04.2011).

Cifani, C., et al. 2010. Effect of salidroside, active principle of Rhodiola rosea extract, on binge eating. Physiol. Behav., 101 (5), 555–562. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837037 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Panossian, A., et al. 2010. Rosenroot (Rhodiola rosea): Traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Phytomedicine, 17 (7), 481–493. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378318 (accessed 02.21.2011).

Parisi, A., et al. 2010. Effects of chronic Rhodiola rosea supplementation on sport performance and antioxidant capacity in trained male: Preliminary results. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness, 50 (1), 57–63. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308973 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Evdokimov,V. 2009. [Effect of cryopowder Rhodiola rosae L. on cardiorespiratory parameters and physical performance of humans]. Aviakosm. Ekolog. Med., 43 (6), 52–56. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169741 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Huang, S., et al. 2009. Attenuation of long-term Rhodiola rosea supplementation on exhaustive swimming-evoked oxidative stress in the rat. Chin. J. Physiol., 52 (5), 316–324. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034236 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Jeong, H., et al. 2009. Neuraminidase inhibitory activities of flavonols isolated from Rhodiola rosea roots and their in vitro anti-influenza viral activities. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17 (19), 6816–6823. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19729316 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Lee, F., et al. 2009. Chronic Rhodiola rosea extract supplementation enforces exhaustive swimming tolerance. Am. J. Chin. Med., 37 (3), 557–572. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606515 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Mattioli, L., et al. 2009. Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats. J. Psychopharmacol., 23 (2), 130–142. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18515456 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Olsson, E., et al. 2009. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue. Planta Med., 75 (2), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016404 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Panossian, A., et al. 2009. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188053 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Pooja, et al. 2009. Anti-inflammatory activity of Rhodiola rosea —“a second-generation adaptogen.” Phytother. Res., 23 (8), 1099–1102. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152369 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Qu, Z., et al. 2009. Pretreatment with Rhodiola rosea extract reduces cognitive impairment induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats: Implication of anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 22 (4), 318–326. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19950527 (accessed 03.04.2011).

Skarpanska–Stejnborn, A., et al. 2009. The influence of supplementation with Rhodiola rosea L. extract on selected redox parameters in professional rowers. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 19 (2), 186–199. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19478343 (accessed 03.04.2011).

van Dierman, D., et al. 2009. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots. J. Ethnopharmacol., 122 (2), 397–401. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19168123 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Wang, H., et al. 2009. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of salidroside from Rhodiola rosea L. against coxsackievirus B3. Phytomedicine, 16 (2-3), 146–155. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818064 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Bystritsky, A., et al. 2008. A pilot study of Rhodiola rosea (Rhodax) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J. Altern. Complement. Med., 14 (2), 175-180. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307390 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Chen, Q., et al. 2008. [Effects of Rhodiola rosea on body weight and intake of sucrose and water in depressive rats induced by chronic mild stress.] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (9), 952–959. URL: http://www.jcimjournal.com/en/showAbstrPage.aspx?articleid=167219772008090952 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Kobayashi, K., et al. 2008. Constituents of Rhodiola rosea showing inhibitory effect on lipase activity in mouse plasma and alimentary canal. Planta Med., 74 (14), 1716-1719. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18982538 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Panossian, A., et al. 2008. Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats. Phytomedicine, 15 (1–2), 84-91. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054474 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Qin, Y., et al. 2008. [Effects of Rhodiola rosea on level of 5-hydroxytryptamine, cell proliferation and differentiation, and number of neurons in cerebral hippocampus of rats with depression induced by chronic mild stress.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 33 (23), 2842–2846. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260327 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Shen, W., et al. 2008. [Effects of Rhodiola on expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor and angiogenesis in aortic atherosclerotic plaque of rabbits.] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 28 (11), 1022–1025. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213348 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Darbinyan, V., et al. 2007. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nord. J. Psychiatry, 61 (5), 343-348. Erratum in: Nord. J. Psychiatry, 2007; 61 (6):503. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990195 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Fintelmann, V., & Gruenwald, J. 2007. Efficacy and tolerability of a Rhodiola rosea extract in adults with physical and cognitive deficiencies. Adv. Ther., 24 (4), 929-939. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17901042 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Mattioli, L., & Perfumi, M. 2007. Rhodiola rosea L. extract reduces stress- and CRF-induced anorexia in rats. J. Psychopharmacol., 21 (7), 742-750. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259204 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Jafari, M., et al. 2007. Rhodiola: A promising anti-aging Chinese herb. Rejuvenation Res., 10 (4), 587-602. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990971 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Perfumi, M., & Mattioli, L. 2007. Adaptogenic and central nervous system effects of single doses of 3% rosavin and 1% salidroside Rhodiola rosea L. extract in mice. Phytother. Res., 21 (1), 37-43. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072830 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Walker, T., et al. 2007. Failure of Rhodiola rosea to alter skeletal muscle phosphate kinetics in trained men. Metabolism, 56 (8), 1111–1117. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618958 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Kim, S., et al. 2006. Antioxidative effects of Cinnamomi cassiae and Rhodiola rosea extracts in liver of diabetic mice. Biofactors, 26 (3), 209–219. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971752 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Kwon Y., et al. 2006. Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata and Rhodiola rosea for management of type II diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 15 (3), 425-432. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837437 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Ming, D., et al. 2005. Bioactive compounds from Rhodiola rosea (Crassulaceae). Phytother. Res., 19 (9), 740–743. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16220564 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Narimanian, M., et al. 2005. Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine, 12 (10), 723–729. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323290 (accessed 03.12.2009).

De Bock, K., et al. 2004. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14 (3), 298–307. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15256690 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Earnest, C., et al. 2004. Effects of a commercial herbal-based formula on exercise performance in cyclists. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 36 (3), 504-509. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15076794 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Hudson, T. 2004. Women’s health update: Rhodiola rosea. Townsend Lett. URL: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_246/ai_112728038 (accessed 03.16.2008).

Kucinskaite, A., et al. 2004. [Experimental analysis of therapeutic properties of Rhodiola rosea L. and its possible application in medicine.] Medicina (Kaunas), 40 (7), 614–619. URL (PDF): http://medicina.kmu.lt/0407/0407-02l.pdf (accessed 03.13.2009).

Abidov, M., et al. 2003. Effect of extracts from Rhodiola rosea and Rhodiola crenulata (Crassulaceae) roots on ATP content in mitochondria of skeletal muscles. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 136 (6), 585–587. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15500079 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Shevtsov, V., et al. 2003. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine, 10 (2-3), 95–105. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12725561 (accessed 03.13.2009).

[No author listed.] 2002. Rhodiola rosea. Monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 7 (5), 421–423. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12410627 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Brown, R., et al. 2002. Rhodiola rosea: A phytomedicinal overview. HerbalGram, J. Am. Bot. Counc., 56, 40-52. URL: http://content.herbalgram.org/abc/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2333 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Darbinyan, V., et al. 2000. Rhodiola rosea in stress-induced fatigue — a double-blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine, 7 (5), 365–371. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081987 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Spasov, A., et al. 2000. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-% extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen. Phytomedicine, 7 (2), 85–89. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839209 (accessed 08.12.2009).

Wing, S., et al. 2003. Lack of effect of Rhodiola or oxygenated water supplementation on hypoxemia and oxidative stress. Wilderness Environ. Med., 14 (1), 9–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659243 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Ha, Z., et al. 2002. [The effect of Rhodiola and acetazolamide on the sleep architecture and blood oxygen saturation in men living at high altitude.] Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 25 (9), 527–530. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423559 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Germano, C., et al. 1999. Arctic Root (Rhodiola rosea): The Powerful New Ginseng Alternative. NY: Kensington.

Azizov, A., & Seifulla, R. 1998. The effect of elton, leveton, fitoton and adapton on the work capacity of experimental animals. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 61 (3), 61–63. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9690082 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Maĭmeskulova, L., et al. 1997. The participation of the mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors in the realization of the anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 60 (1), 38–39. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9162281 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Maslova, L., et al. 1994. The cardioprotective and antiadrenergic activity of an extract of Rhodiola rosea in stress. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 57 (6), 61–63. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7756969 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Lishmanov, I., et al. 1993. The anti-arrhythmia effect of Rhodiola rosea and its possible mechanism. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 116 (8), 175–176. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7506072 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Lishmanov, I., et al. 1987. Plasma beta-endorphin and stress hormones in stress and adaptation. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med., 103 (4), 422–424. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2952180 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Stancheva, S., & Mosharrof, A. 1987. Effect of the extract of Rhodiola rosea L. on the content of the brain biogenic monamines. Med. Physiol., 40, 85–87.

Petkov, V., et al. 1986. Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Bulg., 12, 3–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3751623 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Serinisol™

Description

Supplement facts

References

Calming, natural support

Unlike previous generations, we live with ‘round-the-clock stimulation and stress. Our ancestors experienced stress as an occasional, acute demand in response to an emergency encounter followed by a period of rest. But in our modern life, we’re constantly under stress. We’re over-worked and under-nourished, over-stimulated but worn out.

At the same time our bodies are regularly exposed to environmental toxins. Another critical factor is the energy we expend worrying — about our loved ones, our jobs, our households. Functioning in this mode, under unrelenting stress, keeps our adrenaline and cortisol levels running at unsustainably high rates. Many women may think this scenario is “normal” but it isn’t, and it can take a dramatic toll on your body over time.

What is cortisol? When it is functioning normally, cortisol helps us meet life’s challenges by converting fats and proteins into energy, keeping us alert, balancing electrolytes, calibrating heart beat and blood pressure, and counteracting inflammation and its effects. In the short run, that’s great — and can even be protective and restorative. But paradoxically, if you have sustained high levels of cortisol, it will gradually tear your body down and lead to adrenal imbalance.

What is Serinisol?

Serinisol is a completely natural supplement that helps to support reduction of adrenal over-activity — specifically levels of cortisol. It is especially formulated for women who need to “quiet down” over-exerted cortisol levels in their bodies. Serinisol combines nutrients, essential elements and passionflower, a botanical with known calming effects. For women who still don’t feel rested upon waking, this formula supports restorative sleep to help you feel clearer and more relaxed when it’s time to get up.

Serinisol can:

Aid in the reduction of cortisol.
Assist the body’s natural ability to counter occasional stress.
Improve sleep.
Enhance mental clarity.
Help reduce sporadic feelings of anxiousness.
Promote relaxation.
Improve mood.

When taking Serinisol, it is vitally important that you adhere to the "Adrenal-friendly Eating and Lifestyle Plan" that Marcelle outlines in her book, Are You Tired & Wired? In combination with the additional Program elements, this will provide the best support for your adrenals.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product references

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, represent a sampling of the research on the constituents of Serinisol.

Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphatidylserine
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)

Calcium

Jung, K., et al. 2010. Associations of serum Ca and Mg levels with mental health in adult women without psychiatric disorders. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 133 (2), 153–161. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543697 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Heaney, R. 2008. Calcium supplementation and incident kidney stone risk: A systematic review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 27 (5), 519–527. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/27/5/519 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Carroll, D., et al. 2000. The effects of an oral multivitamin combination with calcium, magnesium, and zinc on psychological well-being in healthy young male volunteers: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 150 (2), 220–225. URL (abstract/intro): http://www.springerlink.com/content/6vg3yg6k93rakn17/ (accessed 01.28.2011).

Thys–Jacobs, S. 2000. Micronutrients and the premenstrual syndrome: The case for calcium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19 (2), 220–227. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/2/220 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Celotti, F., & Bignamini, A. 1999. Dietary calcium and mineral/vitamin supplementation: A controversial problem. J. Int. Med. Res., 27 (1), 1–14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417956 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Nuglozeh, E., & Roberge, A. 1998. Dietary calcium supplementation and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem. Pharmacol., 53 (12), 1867–1871. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9256161 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Whiting, S., et al. 1998. Calcium supplementation. J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract., 9 (4), 187–192. URL (abstract):http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9274239 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Thys–Jacobs, S., et al. 1998. Calcium carbonate and the premenstrual syndrome: Effects on premenstrual and menstrual symptoms. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 179 (2), 444–452. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9731851 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Penland, J., & Johnson, P. 1993. Dietary calcium and manganese effects on menstrual cycle symptoms. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 168 (5), 1417–1423. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8498421 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Thys–Jacobs, S., et al. 1989. Calcium supplementation in premenstrual syndrome: a randomized crossover trial. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 4 (3), 183–189. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2656936 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Magnesium

Garalejić, E., et al. 2010. Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) in infertile women with endometriosis and its correlation with magnesium levels in peritoneal fluid. Psychiatr. Danub., 22 (1), 64–67. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305593 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Lakhan, S., & Vieira, K. 2010. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: Systematic review. Nutr. J., 9 (1), 42. URL: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/9/1/42 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Nielsen, F., et al. 2010. Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep. Magnes. Res., 23 (4), 158–168. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199787 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Jacka, F., et al. 2009. Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: The Hordaland Health Study. Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry, 43 (1), 45–52. URL (abstract):http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19085527 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Muroyama, A., et al. 2009. Enhanced susceptibility to MPTP neurotoxicity in magnesium-deficient C57BL/6N mice. Neurosci. Res., 63 (1), 72–75. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977253 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Poleszak, E. 2008. Benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptors are involved in magnesium-induced anxiolytic-like behavior in mice. Pharmacol. Rep., 60 (4), 483–489. URL (PDF): http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2008/4_483.pdf (accessed 02.09.2011).

Poleszak, E., et al. 2008. NMDA/glutamate mechanism of magnesium-induced anxiolytic-like behavior in mice. Pharmacol. Rep., 60 (5), 655–663. URL (PDF): http://www.if-pan.krakow.pl/pjp/pdf/2008/5_655.pdf (accessed 02.09.2011).

Spasov, A., et al. 2008. [Depression-like and anxiety-related behaviour of rats fed with magnesium-deficient diet]. Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deiat Im. IP Pavlova, 58 (4), 476–485. Russian. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18825946 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Eby, G., & Eby, K. 2006. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Med. Hypotheses, 67 (2), 362–370. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542786 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Grases, G., et al. 2006. Anxiety and stress among science students. Study of calcium and magnesium alterations. Magnes. Res., 19 (2), 102–106. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16955721 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Mucci M., et al. 2006. Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause. Minerva Ginecol., 58 (4), 323–334. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16957676 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Siwek, M., et al. 2005. [The role of copper and magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of affective disorders.] Psychiatr. Pol., 39 (5), 911–920. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16358591 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Durlach, J., et al. 2004. Importance of magnesium depletion with hypofunction of the biological clock in the pathophysiology of headaches with photophobia, sudden infant death and some clinical forms of multiple sclerosis. Magnes. Res., 17 (4), 314–326. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15726907 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Fromm, L., et al. 2004. Magnesium attenuates post-traumatic depression/anxiety following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 23 (5), 529S–533S. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/reprint/23/5/529S (accessed 01.28.2011).

Hanus, M., et al. 2004. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed combination containing two plant extracts (Crataegus oxyacantha and Eschscholtzia californica) and magnesium in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 20 (1), 63–71. URL (abstract): http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1185/030079903125002603 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Jonczak, L., et al. 2004. [Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements during sleep in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea]. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol., 38 (5), 427–430. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15565533 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Poleszak, E., et al. 2004. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78 (1), 7–12. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=15159129 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Singewald, N., et al. 2004. Magnesium-deficient diet alters depression- and anxiety-related behavior in mice — influence of desipramine and Hypericum perforatum extract. Neuropharmacology, 47 (8), 1189–1197. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567428 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Vink, R., et al. 2003. Magnesium attenuates persistent functional deficits following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 336 (1), 41–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493598 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Ezhov, A., & Pimenov L. 2002. [Effect of adjuvant magnesium therapy on the quality of life and emotional status of elderly patients with stable angina]. Adv. Gerontol., 10, 95–98. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12577698 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Held, K., et al. 2002. Oral Mg(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry, 35 (4), 135–143. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12163983 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Murck, H. 2002. Magnesium and affective disorders. Nutr. Neurosci., 5 (6), 375–389. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509067 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Chollet, D., et al. 2000. Blood and brain magnesium in inbred mice and their correlation with sleep quality. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 279 (6), R2173–R2178. URL: http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/279/6/R2173.long (accessed 02.09.2011).

De Souza, M., et al. 2000. A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J. Women’s Health Gend. Based Med., 9 (2), 131–139. URL (abstract/intro): http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/152460900318623 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Durlach, J., et al. 1997. Neurotic, neuromuscular and autonomic nervous form of magnesium imbalance. Magnes. Res., 10 (2), 169–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9368238 (accessed 01.31.2011).

Facchinetti, F., et al. 1991. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet. Gynecol., 78, 177–181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2067759 (accessed 02.09.2011).]

Abraham, G. 1983. Nutritional factors in the etiology of the premenstrual tension syndromes. J. Reprod. Med., 28 (7), 446–464. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6684167 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Phosphatidylserine

Babenko, N., & Semenova, Y. 2011. Effects of exogenous phosphatidylserine on cognitive functions and phospholipid metabolism in the hippocampus of aged rats. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol., 41 (1), 97–101. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153489 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Hoffman, J., et al. 2010. The effects of acute and prolonged CRAM supplementation on reaction time and subjective measures of focus and alertness in healthy college students. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 7 (1), 39. URL: http://www.jissn.com/content/7/1/39 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Kato–Kataoka, A., et al. 2010. Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 47 (3), 246–255. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jcbn/47/3/47_246/_article (accessed 02.15.2010).

Lee, B., et al. 2010. Krill phosphatidylserine improves learning and memory in Morris water maze in aged rats. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 34 (6), 1085–1093. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20685374 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Richter, Y., et al. 2010. The effect of phosphatidylserine-containing omega-3 fatty acids on memory abilities in subjects with subjective memory complaints: A pilot study. Clin. Interv. Aging, 5, 313–316. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981104/?tool=pubmed (accessed 02.15.2011).

Serby, M., et al. 2010. A study of herbal remedies for memory complaints. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 22 (3), 345–347. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686142 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Wollen, K. 2010. Alzheimer’s disease: the pros and cons of pharmaceutical, nutritional, botanical, and stimulatory therapies, with a discussion of treatment strategies from the perspective of patients and practitioners. Altern. Med. Rev., 15 (3), 223–244. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/15/3/223.pdf (accessed 02.15.2011).

Vakhapova, V., et al. 2010. Phosphatidylserine containing omega-3 fatty acids may improve memory abilities in non-demented elderly with memory complaints: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 29 (5), 467–474. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20523044 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Araujo, J., et al. 2008. Improvement of short-term memory performance in aged beagles by a nutraceutical supplement containing phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine. Can. Vet. J., 49 (4), 379–385. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2275342/?tool=pubmed (accessed 02.16.2011).

Baumeister, J., et al. 2008. Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress. Nutr. Neurosci., 11 (3), 103–110. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18616866 (accessed 02.16.2011).

[No authors listed.] 2008. Phosphatidylserine. Monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 13 (3), 245–247. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/3/245.pdf (accessed 02.15.2011).

Starks, M., et al. 2008. The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 5 (1), 11. URL: http://www.jissn.com/content/5/1/11 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Jäger, R., et al. 2007. The effect of phosphatidylserine on golf performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 4 (1), 23. URL: http://www.jissn.com/content/4/1/23 (accessed 02.16.2011).

Kingsley, M., et al. 2006. Effects of phosphatidylserine on exercise capacity during cycling in active males. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38 (1), 64–71. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16394955 (accessed 02.16.2011).

Kingsley, M. 2006. Effects of phosphatidylserine supplementation on exercising humans. Sports Med., 36 (8), 657–69. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869708 (accessed 02.16.2011).

Kataoka–Kato, A., et al. 2005. Enhanced learning of normal adult rodents by repeated oral administration of soybean transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 98, 307–314. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/98/3/98_307/_article (accessed 02.16.2011).

Kingsley, M., et al. 2005. Effects of phosphatidylserine on oxidative stress following intermittent running. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 37 (8), 1300–1306. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118575 (accessed 02.16.2011).

Hellhammer, J., et al. 2004. Effects of soy lecithin phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine complex (PAS) on the endocrine and psychological responses to mental stress. Stress, 7 (2), 119–126. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15512856 (accessed 01.31.2011).

McDaniel, M., et al. 2003. “Brain-specific” nutrients: A memory cure? Nutrition, 19 (11–12), 957–975. URL (PDF): http://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pspi/pdf/pspi312.pdf (accessed 01.31.2011).

Jorissen, B., et al. 2002. Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserine in elderly people. Nutr. Neurosci., 5 (5), 337–343. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12385596 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Benton, D. et al. 2001. The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. Nutr. Neurosci., 4 (3), 169–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842886 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Suzuki, S., et al. 2001. Oral administration of soybean lecithin transphophatidylate phosphatidylserine improves memory impairment in aged rats. J. Nutr., 131, 2951–2956. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/131/11/2951.long (accessed 02.18.2011).

Blokland, A., et al. 1999. Cognition-enhancing properties of subchronic phosphatidylserine (PS) treatment in middle-aged rats: Comparison of bovine cortex PS with egg PS and soybean PS. Nutrition, 15 (10), 778–783. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10501292 (accessed 02.07.2011).

Kelly, G. 1999. Nutritional and botanical interventions to assist with the adaptation to stress. Altern. Med. Rev., 4 (4), 249–265. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/4/4/249.pdf (accessed 01.20.2011).

Fahey, T., & Pearl, M. 1998. The hormonal and perceptive effects of phosphatidylserine administration during two weeks of resistive exercise-induced overtraining. Biol. Sport, 15, 135–144.

Furushiro, M., et al. 1997. Effects of oral administration of soybean lecithin transphosphatidylated phosphatidylserine on impaired learning of passive avoidance in mice. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 75, 447–450. URL: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnlabstract_en.php?cdjournal=jphs1951&cdvol=75&noissue=4&startpage=447 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Pepeu, G., et al. 1996. A review of phosphatidylserine pharmacological and clinical effects. Is phosphatidylserine a drug for the ageing brain? Pharmacol Res., 33 (2), 73–80. URL (no abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8870022 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Cenacchi, B., et al. 1993. Cognitive decline in the elderly: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration. Aging, 5 (2), 123–133. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8323999 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Cohen, S., & Muller, W. 1992. Age-related alterations of NMDA-receptor properties in the mouse forebrain: Partial restoration by chronic phosphatidylserine treatment. Brain Res., 584, 174–180. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1355390 (accessed 02.01.2011).

Crook, T., et al. 1992. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacol. Bull, 28 (1), 61–66. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609044 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Engel, R., et al. 1992. Double-blind cross-over study of phosphatidylserine vs. placebo in patients with early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2 (2), 149–155. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1633433 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Monteleone, P., et al. 1992. Blunting by chronic phosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 42 (4), 385–388. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325348 (accessed 01.31.2011).

Casamenti, F., et al. 1991. Phosphatidyl serine reverses the age-dependent decrease in cortical acetylcholine release: A microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 194 (1), 11–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2060587 (accessed 02.01.2011).

Crook, T., et al. 1991. Effects of Phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurol., 41 (5), 644–649. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2027477 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Drago, F., et al. 1991. Protective action of phosphatidylserine on stress-induced behavioral and autonomic changes in aged rats. Neurobiol. Aging, 12 (5), 437–440. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1770977 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Klinkhammer, P., et al. 1990. Effect of phosphatidylserine on cerebral glucose metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia, 1, 197–201. URL (abstract): http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=107142 (accessed 02.08.2011).

Maggioni, M., et al. 1990. Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 81 (3), 265–270. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1693032 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Monteleone, P., et al. 1990. Effects of phosphatidylserine on the neuroendocrine response to physical stress in humans. Neuroendocrinology, 52 (3), 243–248. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2170852 (accessed 01.31.2011).

Rosadini, G., et al. 1990–1991. Phosphatidylserine: Quantitative EEG effects in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychobiology, 24 (1), 42–48. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2132640 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Vannucchi, M., et al. 1990. Decrease of acetylcholine release from cortical slices in aged rats: Investigations into its reversal by phosphatidylserine. J. Neurochem., 55 (3), 819–825. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2384755 (accessed 02.01.2011).

Lombardi, G. 1989. [Pharmacological treatment with phosphatidyl serine of 40 ambulatory patients with senile dementia syndrome]. Minerva Med.,;80 (6), 599–602. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2747990 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Slack, B., et al. 1989. Uptake of exogenous phosphatidylserine by human neuroblastoma cells stimulates the incorporation of [methyl-14C]choline into phosphatidylcholine. J. Neurochem., 53 (2), 472–481. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2746233 (accessed 02.08.2011).

Stockert, M., et al. 1989. In vivo action of phosphatidylserine, amitriptyline and stress on the binding of [3H] imipramine to membranes of the rat cerebral cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 160 (1), 11–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2714356 (accessed 02.18.2011).

Amaducci, L. 1988. Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 24 (1), 130–134. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3290936 (accessed 02.08.2011).

Blusztajn, J., et al. 1987. Phospholipids in cellular survival and growth. In Hanin, I., & Ansell, G. (eds.), Lecithin: Technological, biological, and therapeutic aspects, 85–94. NY: Plenum Press.

Nunzi, M., et al. 1987. Dendritic spine loss in hippocampus of aged rats: Effects of brain phosphatidylserine administration. Neurobiol. Aging, 8, 501–510. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3431625 (accessed 02.01.2011).

Toffano, 1987. The therapeutic value of phosphatidylserine effect in the aging brain. In Hanin, I., & Ansell, G. (eds.), Lecithin: Technological, biological, and therapeutic aspects, 137–146. NY: Plenum Press.

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)

Ngan, A., & Conduit, R. 2011. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality. Phytother. Res. [Epub ahead of print]. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21294203 (accessed 02.24.2011).

Natural Standard. 2011. Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.). Professional monograph. URL (subscription required): http://naturalstandard.com/databases/herbssupplements/all/passionflower.asp (accessed 01.31.2011).

Appel, K., et al. 2010. Modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Passiflora incarnata L. Phytother. Res. [Epub ahead of print]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21089181 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Boeira, J., et al. 2010. Toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Passiflora alata Curtis (Passifloraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol., 128 (2), 526–532. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=19799991 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Cravotto, G., et al. 2010. Phytotherapeutics: An evaluation of the potential of 1000 plants. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 35 (1), 11–48. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20175810 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Deng, J., et al. 2010. Anxiolytic and sedative activities of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 128, 148–153. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&cmd=prlinks&retmode=ref&id=20051259 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Elsas, S., et al. 2010. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passionflower) extracts elicit GABA currents in hippocampal neurons in vitro, and show anxiogenic and anticonvulsant effects in vivo, varying with extraction method. Phytomedicine, 17 (12), 940–949. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20382514 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Faustino, T., et al. 2010. [Medicinal plants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A review of controlled clinical studies.] Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr., 32 (4), 429–436. URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462010000400017&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en (accessed 02.14.2011).

Fiebich, B., et al. 2010. Pharmacological studies in an herbal drug combination of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and passion flower (Passiflora incarnata): In vitro and in vivo evidence of synergy between Hypericum and Passiflora in antidepressant pharmacological models. Fitoterapia [Epub ahead of print]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185920 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Holbik, M., et al. 2010. Apparently no sedative benzoflavone moiety in passiflorae herba. Planta Med., 76 (7), 662–664. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20301055 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Sampath, C., et al. 2010. Anxiolytic effects of fractions obtained from Passiflora incarnata L. in the elevated plus maze in mice. Phytother. Res. [Epub ahead of print]. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21077264 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Wohlmuth, H., et al. 2010. Pharmacognosy and chemotypes of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.). Biol. Pharm. Bull., 33 (6), 1015–1018. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/33/6/33_1015/_article (accessed 09.28.2010).

Carrasco, M., et al. 2009. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother. Res., 23 (12), 1795–1796. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19441067 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Grundmann, O., et al. 2009. Anxiolytic effects of a passion flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) extract in the elevated plus maze in mice. Pharmazie, 64 (1), 63–64. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19216234 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Tabach, R., et al. 2009. Preclinical toxicological assessment of a phytotherapeutic product — CPV (based on dry extracts of Crataegus oxyacantha L., Passiflora incarnata L., and Valeriana officinalis L.). Phytother. Res., 23 (1), 33–40. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19048610 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Weeks, B. 2009. Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Med. Sci. Monit., 15 (11), RA256–RA262. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865069 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Barbosa, P., et al. 2008. The aqueous extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis reduce anxiety-related behaviors without affecting memory process in rats. J. Med. Food, 11 (2), 282–288. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598170 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Beaumont, D., et al. 2008. The effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, on natural killer cell activity in male Sprague–Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery. AANA J., 76 (2), 113–117. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18478816 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Grundmann, O., et al. 2008. Anxiolytic activity of a phytochemically characterized Passiflora incarnata extract is mediated via the GABAergic system. Planta Med., 74 (15), 1769–1773. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19006051 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Masteikova, R., et al. 2008. Antiradical activities of the extract of Passiflora incarnata. Acta Pol. Pharm., 65 (5), 577–583. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051605 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Movafegh, A., et al. 2008. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth. Analg., 106 (6), 1728–1732. URL: http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/content/106/6/1728.long (accessed 01.28.2011).

Nassiri–Asl, M., et al. 2008. Possible role of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in anticonvulsant effects of Pasipay in rats. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (11), 1170–1173. URL: http://www.jcimjournal.com/en/showAbstrPage.aspx?articleid=167219772008111170 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Rodriguez–Fragoso, L., et al. 2008. Risks and benefits of commonly used herbal medicines in México. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 227 (1), 125–135. URL http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2322858/?tool=pubmed (accessed 02.14.2011).

Zhai, K., et al. 2008. Chrysin induces hyperalgesia via the GABAA receptor in mice. Planta Med., 74 (10), 1229–1234. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18612941 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Brown, E., et al. 2007. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J., 75 (5), 333–337. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17966676 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Lolli, L., et al. 2007. Possible involvement of GABA A-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 111 (2), 308–314. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196350 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Miyasaka, L., et al. 2007. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD004518. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253512 (accessed 02.09.2011).

Nassiri-Asl, M., et al. 2007. Anticonvulsant effects of aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata extract in mice: Involvement of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 7, 26. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/26 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Sarris, J. 2007. Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Phytother. Res., 21 (8), 703–716. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17562566 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Capasso, A., & Sorrentino, L. 2005. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomedicine, 12 (1–2), 39–45. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15693706 (accessed 02.14.2011).

[No authors listed.] 2005. Management of insomnia: A place for traditional herbal remedies. Prescrire Int., 14 (77), 104–107. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15984105 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Santos, K., et al. 2005. Passiflora actinia Hooker extracts and fractions induce catalepsy in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 100 (3), 306–309. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15882936 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

Dhawan, K., et al. 2004. Passiflora: A review update. J. Ethnopharmacol., 94 (1), 1–23. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15261959 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Peeters, E., et al. 2004. Effect of supplemental tryptophan, vitamin E, and a herbal product on responses by pigs to vibration. J. Anim. Sci., 82 (8), 2410–2420. URL: http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/full/82/8/2410 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Wheatley, D. 2005. Medicinal plants for insomnia: A review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability. J. Psychopharmacol., 19 (4), 414–421. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15982998 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Hidaka, M., et al. 2004. Potent inhibition by star fruit of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity. Drug Metab. Dispos., 32 (6), 581–583. URL: http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/32/6/581.long (accessed 01.28.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2003. Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus: A non-habit forming anxiolytic. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6 (2), 215–222. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12935433 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Dhawan, K. 2003. Drug/substance reversal effects of a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety (BZF) isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn. — a brief perspective. Addict. Biol., 8 (4), 379–386. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14690874 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Dhawan, K., & Sharma, A. 2003. Restoration of chronic-Delta 9-THC-induced decline in sexuality in male rats by a novel benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linn. Br. J. Pharmacol., 138 (1), 117–120. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1573641/?tool=pubmed (accessed 02.09.2011).

Dhawan, K., & Sharma, A. 2002. Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves. Fitoterapia, 73 (5), 397–399. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165335 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Beneficial effects of chrysin and benzoflavone on virility in 2-year-old male rats. J. Med. Food, 5 (1), 43–48. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511112 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus: A comment on medicinal plants’ standardization. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 8 (3), 283–291. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165186 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Nicotine reversal effects of the benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. Addict. Biol., 7 (4), 435–441. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14690874 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Reversal of cannabinoids (delta9-THC) by the benzoflavone moiety from methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus in mice: A possible therapy for cannabinoid addiction. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 54 (6), 875–881. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12244887 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81 (2), 239–244. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065157 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Krenn, L. 2002. [Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) — a reliable herbal sedative.] Wien Med. Wochenschr., 152 (15–16), 404–406. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12244887 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Akhondzadeh, S., et al. 2001a. Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 26 (5), 369–373. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679027 (accessed 02.14.2011).

Akhondzadeh, S., et al. 2001b. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 26, 363–367. URL (abstract): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x/abstract (accessed 01.28.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2001. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 78 (2–3), 165–170. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11694362 (accessed 01.26.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2001. Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia, 72 (6), 698–702. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543974 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Dhawan, K., et al. 2001. Correct identification of Passiflora incarnata Linn., a promising herbal anxiolytic and sedative. J. Med. Food, 4 (3), 137–144. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12639407 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Fisher, A., et al. 2000. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 38 (1), 63–66. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696928 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Bourin, M., et al. 1997. A combination of plant extracts in the treatment of outpatients with adjustment disorder with anxious mood: Controlled study versus placebo. Fundamental. Clin. Pharmacol., 11 (2), 127–132. URL (abstract): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1472-8206.1997.tb00179.x/abstract (accessed 01.27.2011).

Salgueiro, J., et al. 1997. Anxiolytic natural and synthetic flavonoid ligands of the central benzodiazepine receptor have no effect on memory tasks in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 58 (4), 887–891. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9408191 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Soulimani, R., et al. 1997. Behavioral effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol., 57 (1), 11–20. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9234160 (accessed 02.15.2011).

Rommelspacher, H., et al. 1994. Harman (1-methyl-beta-carboline) is a natural inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 252 (1), 51–59. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8149995 (accessed 01.27.2011).

Wolfman, C., et al. 1994. Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 47 (1), 1–4. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7906886 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Medina, J., et al. 1990. Chrysin (5,7-di-OH-flavone), a naturally-occurring ligand for benzodiazepine receptors, with anticonvulsant properties. Biochem. Pharmacol., 40 (10), 2227–2231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2173925 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Speroni, E., & Minghetti, A. 1988. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med., 54 (6), 588–491. URL (abstract): https://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2006-962525 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Aoyagi, N., et al. 1974. Studies on Passiflora incarnata dry extract. I. Isolation of maltol and pharmacological action of maltol and ethyl maltol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 22 (5), 1008–1013). URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4421168 (accessed 01.28.2011).

Phosphatidylserine

Description

Supplement facts

References

Natural support for stress

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid, a class of molecule found naturally in nearly every cell in your body. PS specifically influences cellular metabolism and communication by enhancing the fluidity of cell membranes. This role is essential to your brain cells’ capacity to send and receive biochemical communication.

So how does that tie in with adrenal imbalance? PS has an affinity for the region in the brain that controls the “stress response.” By supporting healthy signaling from the brain when you’re under stress, PS helps to down-regulate stress hormone secretion by the adrenal glands. When you moderate the cascade of stress hormones throughout your body, you promote adrenal resilience and recovery from the damaging effects of chronic stress.

Women to Women’s Phosphatidylserine is completely natural and is obtained from soybean lecithin, a safe, well-recognized vegetarian source.

How will PS help me?

Helps to regulate stress-induced increases in cortisol
Assists the body’s natural ability to counter occasional stress

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product references

Women to Women’s Phosphatidylserine is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, represent a sampling of the research on Phosphatidylserine.

Phosphatidylserine

[No authors listed.] 2008. Phosphatidylserine. Monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 13 (3), 245–247. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/3/245.pdf (accessed 02.15.2011).

Jäger, R., et al. 2007. The effect of phosphatidylserine on golf performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 4 (1), 23. URL: http://www.jissn.com/content/4/1/23 (accessed 02.16.2011).

Benton, D. et al. 2001. The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. Nutr Neurosci., 4 (3), 169–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11842886 (accessed 01.20.2011).

Fahey, T., & Pearl, M. 1998. The hormonal and perceptive effects of phosphatidylserine administration during two weeks of resistive exercise-induced overtraining. Biol. Sport, 15, 135–144.

Exercising for Bone Health

Description

Our exclusive DVD is an important part of our Personal Program because exercise — along with adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation, diet, and lifestyle enhancements — can actually fend off osteoporosis.

With Susan E. Brown, PhD, leading authority on the natural approach to bone health, this breakthrough DVD turns exercising for bone health into a fun activity that makes you feel good every time you do it.

And what’s really exciting is that, with this DVD, you can do more than maintain your existing bone health status — you can change and improve it.

Dr. Brown has spent more than 25 years researching the elements of natural bone health. Her knowledge and experience have guided her to choose five popular modalities that can ensure your bones are getting all the benefits they deserve every time you exercise.

Each section is easy to follow, and you don’t need special equipment. You’ll get a chance to try:

Pilates
Yoga
Isometric training
Weight-bearing exercises
Strength training

In just 35 minutes, you can complete this gentle and effective exercise routine, all in the comfort and privacy of your own home. Many women love having the option of checking out new and different types of exercise at home first. This gives you a chance to see how the exercise routine works for you and the way you live.

With special bonus features

Dr. Brown also shows you how to integrate bone-supporting movements and activities into your daily life. You’ll see how simple and easy movements like walking and hopping help support your bone health every day. There’s also a special section that shows you how to adapt many of the exercises to your fitness level.

One of Dr. Brown’s special gifts is helping you understand why these exercises work to boost bone health. These genuine pearls of knowledge can motivate you to keep exercising, and you can use this DVD to help you build in regular exercise time every week.

Herbal Equilibrium™

Description

Supplement facts

References

Phytotherapy to support hormonal balance

Our Herbal Equilibrium provides natural, gentle, and holistic relief for the symptoms that can occur due to fluctuations of three key hormones: estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. Formulated to address the ten most common symptoms of hormonal imbalance in menopause and PMS, Herbal Equilibrium is based in the latest research on phytotherapy (plant-based medicine) used to promote hormonal balance.

Herbal Equilibrium contains:

Black Cohosh, Red Clover, and Kudzu which form a powerful and synergistic isoflavone–glycoside complex that diminishes symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency — like hot flashes and night sweats.
Passionflower, Chasteberry, and Wild Yam which are botanicals that have been used by traditional cultures to treat symptoms like irritability, anxiety, and insomnia. Recent studies show that the flavonoids in these herbs may mimic the actions of progesterone.
Ashwagandha which is an ayurvedic herb known to have aphrodisiac and mood-stabilizing properties. Recent studies suggest it activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, influencing production of androgens in an adaptogenic fashion.

Herbal Equilibrium is made from all-natural ingredients, and is free of wheat, animal, and dairy products, and preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, filler, dyes, and coloring. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous procedure that is used for pharmaceutical drugs — and is made in a facility validated by the NSF to meet or exceed all governmental requirements for Good Manufacturing Practices (the FDA’s GMP’s). For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Red clover

Coon, J., et al. 2007. Trifolium pratense isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine, 14 (2–3), 153–159.

Booth, N., et al. 2006. Clinical studies of red clover (Trifolium pratense) dietary supplements in menopause: A literature review. Menopause, 13 (2), 251–264.

Imhof, M., et al. 2006. Effects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Maturitas, 55 (1), 76–81.

Lukaczer, D., et al. 2005. Clinical effects of a proprietary combination isoflavone nutritional supplement in menopausal women: A pilot trial. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 11 (5), 60–65.

Beck, V., et al. 2005. Phytoestrogens derived from red clover: An alternative to estrogen replacement therapy? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 94 (5), 499–518.

Hidalgo, L. 2005. The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 21 (5), 257–264.

Simoncini, T., et al. 2005. Activation of nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells by red clover extracts. Menopause, 12 (1), 69–77.

Ulbricht, C., and Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

Atkinson, C., et al. 2004. Red-clover-derived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [ISRCTN42940165]. Breast Cancer Res., 6 (3), R170–179.

Campbell, M., et al. 2004. Effect of red clover-derived isoflavone supplementation on insulin-like growth factor, lipid and antioxidant status in healthy female volunteers: A pilot study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58, 173–179.

Lam, A., et al. 2004. Effect of red clover isoflavones on cox-2 activity in murine and human monocyte/macrophage cells. Nutr. Cancer, 49 (1), 89–93.

Powles, T. 2004. Isoflavones and women’s health. Breast Cancer Res., 6, 140–142.
Chan, H., et al. 2003. The red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone biochanin A modulates the biotransformation pathways of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Br. J. Nutr., 90 (1), 87–92.

Tice, J., et al. 2003. Phytoestrogen supplements for the treatment of hot flashes: The Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 290 (2), 207–214.

Burdette, J., et al. 2002. Trifolium pratense (red clover) exhibits estrogenic effects in vivo in ovariectomized Sprague–Dawley rats. J. Nutr., 132 (1), 27–30.

Nelsen, J., et al. 2002. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) monograph: A clinical decision support tool. J. Herb. Pharm., 2, 49–72.

van de Weijer, P., & Barentsen, R. 2002. Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo. Maturitas, 42 (3), 187–193.

Clifton–Bligh, P., et al. 2001. The effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (Rimostil) on lipid and bone metabolism. Menopause, 8, 259–265.

Dornstauder, E., et al. 2001. Estrogenic activity of two standardized red clover extracts (Menoflavon) intended for large scale use in hormone replacement therapy. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 78 (1), 67–75.

Kelly, G., et al. 1998. Standardized red clover extract clinical monograph, pp 3–12. Seattle, WA: Natural Products Research Consultants, Inc.

Ashwagandha

Widido, N., et al. 2007. Selective killing of cancer cells by leaf extract of Ashwagandha: Identification of a tumor-inhibitory factor and the first molecular insights to its effect. Clin. Cancer Res., 13 (7), 2298–2306.

Naidu, P., et al. 2006. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction. Phytother. Res., 20 (2), 140–146.

Kuboyama, T., et al. 2005. Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide A. Br. J. Pharmacol., 144 (7), 961–971.

Misra, L., et al. 2005. Unusually sulfated and oxygenated steroids from Withania somnifera. Phytochemistry, 66, 2702–2707.

[No authors listed.] 2004. Monograph. Withania somnifera. Altern. Med. Rev., 9 (2), 211–214.

Sreerekha, M., et al. 2004. Distribution of total withanolides in various plant parts of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) accessions as influenced by light and dark reaction cycle. J. Med. Aromatic Plant Sci., 26, 681–683.

Bhattacharya, S. , & Muruganandam, A. 2003. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: An experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 75, 547–555.
Iuvone, T., et al. 2003. Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Withania somnifera macrophages.

Ilayperuma, I., et al. 2002. Effect of Withania somnifera root extract on the sexual behaviour of male rats. Asian J. Androl., 4, 295–298.

Rajpal, V. 2002. Standardization of botanicals. New Delhi: Eastern Publishers.

Abdel–Magied, E., et al. 2001. The effect of aqueous extracts of Cynomorium coccineum and Withania somnifera on testicular development in immature Wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 75 (1), 1–4.

Dhuley, J. 2001. Nootropic-like effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res., 15 (6):524–528.

Jain, S., et al. 2001. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampal sub-regions of female albino rat. Phytother. Res., 15 (6), 544–548.

Singh, B., et al. 2001. Adaptogenic activity of a glyco-peptido-lipid fraction from the alcoholic extract of Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. Phytomedicine, 8, 283–291.

Singh, G., et al. 2001. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somnifera Dunn. Phytother. Res., 15 (4), 311–318.

Dhuley, J. 2000. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J. Ethnopharmacol., 70 (1), 57–63.

Mishra, L-C., et al. 2000. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Altern. Med. Rev., 5 (4), 334–346.

Archana, R., & Namasivayam, A. 1999. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J. Ethnopharmcol., 64 (1), 91–93.

Rege, N.-N., et al. 1999. Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. Phytother Res., 13 (4), 275–291.

Schauss, A., et al. 1998. Therapeutic applications of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) — popular ayurvedic botanical medicine. Nat. Med. J., 1, 16–19.

Schliebs, R., et al. 1997. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAnergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem. Int., 30 (2), 181–190.

al-Hindawi, M., et al. 1992. Anti-granuloma activity of Iraqi Withania somnifera. J. Ethnopharmacol., 37 (2), 113–116.

Mehta, A., et al. 1991. Pharmacologic effects of Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex. Indian J. Med. Res., 94, 312–315.

Singh, N., et al. 1982. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which enhances survival during stress (an adaptogen). Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 20, 29–35.

Passionflower

Miyasaka, L., et al. 2007. Passiflora for anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (1), CD004518.

Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

Dhawan, K., et al. 2003. Restoration of chronic-Delta 9-THC-induced decline in sexuality in male rats by a novel benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linn. Br. J. Pharmacol., 138 (1), 117–120.

Krenn, L. 2002. [Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata L.) — a reliable herbal sedative.] Wien Med. Wochenschr., 152 (15–16), 404–406.

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Beneficial effects of chrysin and benzoflavone on virility in 2-year-old male rats. J. Med. Food, 5 (1), 43–48.

Dhawan, K., et al. 2002. Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol., 81 (2), 239–244.

Akhondzadeh, S., et al. 2001a. Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 26, 369–373.

Akhondzadeh, S., et al. 2001b. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 26, 363–367.

Dhawan, K., et al. 2001. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 78 (2–3), 165–170.

Fisher, A., et al. 2000. Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 38 (1), 63–66.

Soulimani, R., et al. 1997. Behavioral effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J. Ethnopharmacol., 57, 11–20.

Lancel, M., et al. 1996. Progesterone induces changes in sleep comparable to those of agonistic GABAA receptor modulators. Am. J. Physiol., 271 (4 Pt. 1), E763–E772.

Chasteberry

Daniele, et al., 2005. Vitex agnus castus: A systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf., 28, 319–332.

Natural Standard Research Collaboration. 2005. Chasteberry. In C. Ulbricht & E. Basch (Eds.), Natural standard herb and supplement reference: Evidence-based clinical reviews. NY: Mosby.

Liu, et al. 2004. Isolation of linoleic acid as an estrogenic compound from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste-berry). Phytomedicine, 11, 18–23.

Blumenthal, et al. 2003. The ABC clinical guide to herbs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.

Jarry, H., et al. 2003. Evidence for estrogen receptor beta-selective activity of Vitex agnus-castus and isolated flavones. Planta Med., 69, 945–947.

Lucks, et al. 2002. Vitex agnus-castus essential oil and menopausal balance: A self-care survey. Complement. Ther. Nurs. Midwifery, 8, 148–154.

Schellenberg, 2001. Treatment for the premenstrual syndrome with agnus castus fruit extract: Prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study. BMJ, 322, 134–137.

Berger, et al. 2000. Efficacy of Vitex agnus castus L. extract Ze 440 in patients with pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 264, 150–153.

Lauritzen, et al. 1997. Treatment of premenstrual tension syndrome with Vitex agnus castus: Controlled double-blind study versus pyridoxine. Phytomedicine, 4, 183–189.

Cahill, et al 1994. Multiple follicular development associated with herbal medicine. Human Reprod., 9, 1469–1470.

Jarry, et al. 1994. In vitro prolactin but not LH and FSH release is inhibited by compounds in extracts of Agnus castus: Direct evidence for a dopaminergic principle by the dopamine receptor assay. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol., 102, 448–454.

Milewicz, et al. 1993. Vitex agnus castus-Extrakt zur Behandlung von Regeltempoanomalien infolge latenter Hyperprolaktinamie. Arzneim.–Forsch./Drug Res., 43, 752–756.

Kudzu

Manonai, J., et al. 2008. Effects and safety of Pueraria mirifica on lipid profiles and biochemical markers of bone turnover rates in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause, 15 (3), 530–535. URL (abstract):http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202589 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Chandeying, V., et al. 2007. Challenges in the conduct of Thai herbal scientific study: Efficacy and safety of phytoestrogen, Pueraria mirifica (Kwao Keur Kao), phase I, in the alleviation of climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 90 (7), 1274–1280. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710964 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Chandeying, V., et al. 2007. Efficacy comparison of Pueraria mirifica (PM) against conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with/without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in the treatment of climacteric symptoms in perimenopausal women: Phase II study. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 90 (9), 1720–1726. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17957910 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Cherdshewasart, W., et al. 2007. Major isoflavonoid contents of the phytoestrogen rich-herb Pueraria mirifica in comparison with Pueraria lobata. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 43 (2), 428–434.

Manonai, J., et al. 2007. Effect of Pueraria mirifica on vaginal health. Menopause, 14 (5), 919–924. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17415017 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Wong, R., & Rabie, B. 2007. Effect of puerarin on bone formation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15 (8), 894–899.

Li, W.-Z., et al. 2006. [Studies on the effect of extracts of several Chinese herbal medicines and other medicines on alcohol dehydrogenase activity.] Zhong Yao Cai., 29 (8), 816–818.

Pawlyk, A., et al. 2006. Effects of the 5–HT2A antagonist mirtazapine in rat models of thermoregulation. Brain Res., 1123 (1), 135–144.

Penetar, D., et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetic profile of the isoflavone puerarin after acute and repeated administration of a novel kudzu extract to human volunteers. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 12, 543–548.

Zhang, S., et al. 2006. Reversal of chemical-induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats by puerarin. J. Nutr. Biochem., 17 (7), 485–491.

Chiang, H.–M., et al. 2005. Life-threatening interaction between the root extract of Pueraria lobata and methotrexate in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 209 (3), 263–268.

Kang, K.-A., et al. 2005. Protective effect of Puerariae radix on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide and streptozotocin. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 28 (7), 1154–1160.

Kwon, H-J., et al. 2005. Amelioration effects of traditional Chinese medicine on alcohol-induced fatty liver. World J. Gastroenterol., 11 (35), 5512–5516.

Lukaczer, D., et al. 2005. Clinical effects of a proprietary combination isoflavone nutritional supplement in menopausal women: A pilot trial. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 11 (5), 60–65.

Zhang, C., et al. 2005. In vitro estrogenic activities of Chinese medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of menopausal symptoms. J. Ethnopharmacol., 98, 295–300.

Zhang, Y., et al. 2005. Analysis of the estrogenic components in kudzu root by bioassay and high performance liquid chromatography. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 94, 375–381.

Benlhabib, E., et al. 2004. Kudzu root extract suppresses voluntary alcohol intake and alcohol withdrawal symptoms in P rats receiving free access to water and alcohol. J. Med. Food, 7 (2), 168–179.

Chen, W., et al. 2004. Mediation of beta-endorphin by the isoflavone puerarin to lower plasma glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med., 70 (2), 113–116.

Chueh, F., et al. 2004. Peurarin acts through brain seratonergic mechanisms to induce thermal effects. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 96 (4), 420–427.

Kim, O., et al. 2004. Establishment of in vitro test system for the evaluation of the estrogenic activities of natural products. Arch. Pharm. Res., 27, 906–911.

Lamlertkittikul, S., & Chandeying, V. 2004. Efficacy and safety of Pueraria mirifica (Kwao Kruea Khao) for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in perimenopausal women: Phase II Study. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 87 (1), 33–40.

Xu, X., et al. 2004. Effects of puerarin on learning-memory and amino acid transmitters of brain in ovariectomized mice. Planta Med., 70 (7), 627–631.

Hsu, F., et al. 2003. Antihyperglycemic effect of puerarin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Nat. Prod., 66 (6), 788–792.

Wang, X., et al. 2003. Puerariae radix prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 21, 268–275.

Woo, J., et al. 2003. Comparison of Pueraria lobata with hormone replacement therapy in treating the adverse health consequences of menopause. Menopause, 10 (4), 352–361.

Zheng, G., et al. 2002. [Estrogen-like effects of puerarin and total isoflavones from Pueraria lobata]. Zhong Yao Cai, 15 (8), 566–568.

Wild yam

Yoshikawa, M., et al. 2007. Medicinal flowers. XII. (1). New spirostane-type steroid saponins with antidiabetogenic activity from Borassus flabellifer. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 55 (2), 308–316.

Jeon, J., et al. 2006. Effect of ethanol extract of dried Chinese yam (Dioscorea batatas) flour containing dioscin on gastrointestinal function in rat model. Arch. Pharm. Res., 29 (5), 348–353.

Sarchielli, P., et al. 2006. Practical considerations for the treatment of elderly patients with migraine. Drugs Aging, 23 (6), 461–489.

Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

Wu, W., et al. 2005. Estrogenic effect of yam ingestion in healthy postmenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 24, 235–243.

[No authors listed.] 2004. Final report of the amended safety assessment of Dioscorea villosa (wild yam) root extract. Int. J. Toxicol., 23 (Suppl. 2), 49–54.

Rahmintoola, H., et al. 2004. Reduction in the therapeutic intensity of abortive migraine drug use during ACE inhibition therapy — a pilot study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 13 (1), 41–47.

Benghuzzi, H., et al. 2003. The effects of sustained delivery of diosgenin on the adrenal gland of female rats. Biomed. Sci. Instrum., 39, 335–340.

Kwon, C., et al. 2003. Anti-obesity effect of Dioscorea nipponica Makino with lipase-inhibitory activity in rodents. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67 (7), 1451–1456.

Hsu, F., et al. 2002. Both dioscorin, the tuber storage protein of yam (Dioscorea alata cv. Tainong No. 1), and its peptic hydrolysates exhibited angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities.

Bender, W. 1995. ACE inhibitors for prophylaxis of migraine headaches. Headache, 35 (8), 470–471.

Black cohosh

Palacio C., et al. 2009. Black cohosh for the management of menopausal symptoms: A systematic review of clinical trials. Drugs Aging, 26 (1), 23–36. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19102512 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Borelli, F., & Ernst, E. 2008. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) for menopausal symptoms: A systematic review of its efficacy. Pharmacol. Res., 58 (1), 8-14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18585461 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Kanadys, W., et al. 2008. [Efficacy and safety of black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa) in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms — review of clinical trials.] Ginekol. Pol., 79 (4), 287–296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592868 (accessed 01.30.2009).

Ruhlen, R., et al. 2007. Black cohosh does not exert an estrogenic effect on the breast. Nutr. Cancer, 59 (2), 269–277. URL (abstract): http://www.leaonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635580701506968 (accessed 11.28.2007).

Bai, W., et al. 2007. Efficacy and tolerability of a medicinal product containing an isopropanolic black cohosh extract in Chinese women with menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double blind, parallel-controlled study versus tibolone. Maturitas. [Epub ahead of print.]

Walji, R., et al. 2007. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.): Safety and efficacy for cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer. [Epub ahead of print.]

Li, J., & Yu, Z. 2006. Cimicifugae rhizoma: From origins, bioactive constituents to clinical outcomes. Curr. Med. Chem., 13 (24), 2927–2951.

Minciullo, P., et al. 2006. Muscle damage induced by black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Phytomedicine, 13, 115–118.

Newton, K., et al. 2006. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: A randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med., 145, 869–879.

Radowicki, S., et al. 2006. [Effectiveness and safety of the treatment of menopausal syndrome with Cimicifuga racemosa dry extract.] Ginekol. Pol., 77 (9), 678–683.

Raus, K., et al. 2006. First-time proof of endometrial safety of the special black cohosh extract (Actaea or Cimicifuga racemosa extract) CR BNO 1055. Menopause, 13 (4), 678–691.

Wuttke, W., et al. 2006. Effects of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) on bone turnover, vaginal mucosa, and various blood parameters in postmenopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conjugated estrogens-controlled study. Menopause, 13 (2), 185–196.

Frei-Kleiner, S., et al. 2005. Cimicifuga racemosa dried ethanolic extract in menopausal disorders: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Maturitas, 51, 397–404.

Mahady, G. 2005. Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa): Review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms. Treat. Endocrinol., 4 (3), 177–184.

Nappi, R., et al. 2005. Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa on climacteric complaints: A randomized study versus low-dose transdermal estradiol. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 20, 30–35.

Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E., Eds. 2005. Natural Standard Herb & Supplement Reference: Evidence-based Clinical Reviews. Natural Standard Research Collaboration. NY: Elsevier Mosby.

Vermes, G., et al. 2005. The effects of Remifemin on subjective symptoms of menopause. Adv. Ther., 22 (2), 148–154.

Pockaj, B., et al. 2004. Pilot evaluation of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes in women. Cancer Invest., 22 (4), 515–521.

Cohen, S., et al. 2004. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: A case study. Menopause, 11, 575–577.

Lontos, S., et al. 2003. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med. J. Aust., 179, 390–391.

Seidlová–Wuttke, D., et al. 2003. Evidence for selective estrogen receptor modulator activity in a black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) extract: Comparison with estradiol17b. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 149 (4), 351–362.

Wuttke, W., et al. 2003. Phytoestrogens: Endocrine disrupters or replacement for hormone replacement therapy? Maturitas, 44 (Suppl. 1), S9–S20.

Wuttke, W., et al. 2003. The Cimicifuga preparation BNO 1055 vs. conjugated estrogens in a double-blind placebo-controlled study: Effects on menopause symptoms and bone markers. Maturitas, 44 (Suppl. 1), S67–S77.

Liske, E., et al. 2002. Physiological investigation of a unique extract of black cohosh (Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma): A 6-month clinical study demonstrates no systemic estrogenic effect. J. Women’s Health Gend. Based Med., 11, 163–174.

Winterhoff, H., et al. 2002. [Pharmacologic and clinical studies using Cimicifuga racemosa in climacteric complaints.] Wien Med. Wochenschr., 152 (15–16), 360–363.

Whiting, P., et al. 2002. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. Med. J. Aust., 177, 440–443.

Better Bones Basics

Description

Supplement facts

References

Our exclusive bone support formula

Better Bones Basics is our exclusive osteo-support formula, based on the latest research showing that calcium alone is not enough to support bone health. When combined with Essential Nutrients and a healthy diet, Better Bones Basics provides ideal amounts of essential bone-building nutrients at accepted therapeutic levels for optimal absorption — not just calcium and magnesium.

These bone-building nutrients include:

Vitamin D – the top regulator of calcium and phosphorus for bones and teeth.
Vitamin K – including both K1 and K2. These play roles in blood clotting, and are required for the synthesis of osteocalcin, the bone protein matrix on which calcium crystallizes. Vitamin K serves as a kind of “glue” that binds calcium to the skeleton while keeping calcium out of your arteries. The key role of K2 has only recently been recognized.
Calcium – essential for healthy bone development and maintenance that also gives our bones both strength and rigidity. Its absorption depends on adequate and consistent levels of vitamin D.
Magnesium – assures strength and firmness of bones, makes teeth harder, and is essential for the absorption and metabolism of calcium.
Zinc – required for bone healing and repair, and proper absorption of calcium.
Strontium – plays a critical role in bone health because it tends to migrate to sites where active bone remodeling is taking place. It also promotes mineralization of the bones and teeth.

Each nutrient in Better Bones Basics is provided in its most alkalizing form and is chosen for its purity, potency, and bioavailability. Our manufacturing partner adheres to quality standards which are externally validated to meet or exceed the FDA’s GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) regulations. For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product references

Women to Women’s Better Bones Basics is formulated by Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD, medical anthropologist and osteoporosis expert, using the latest nutritional and medical science for women’s bone health. For information on the clinical basis for using Better Bones Basics, click on each individual nutrient below to review a list of pertinent studies and articles, arranged in order of recency.

Calcium
Magnesium
Strontium
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) & K2 (menaquinone)
Zinc

Better Bones Builder

Description

Supplement facts

References

Our intensive daily nutritional formula provides extra support

Formulated by natural bone health expert Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD, our Better Bones Builder sets a new standard in total osteo support. Better Bones Builder is formulated for women with a high fracture risk. With key nutrients you need to help keep pH in balance support bone health naturally every day, our cutting-edge formula helps you have strong bones for a lifetime. This intensive strength supplement also supports a healthy metabolism, energy production, hormonal balance, and wellness for women when combined with a healthy eating plan (included in your Program).

The Better Bones Builder formula contains:

A multivitamin and mineral formula with Metafolin™, a biologically active form of folate, an essential B vitamin, that’s easier for your body to process and use.
Extra amounts of each of 17 key nutrients necessary for women with greater risk for bone health issues. It also has additional vitamin D3, vitamin K1 and K2, calcium, magnesium, and important companion ingredients that promote bone strength, density, and flexibility.
Bone-supporting mineral complexes in their most alkalizing forms to enhance your body’s pH balance.
Advanced amino acids required to support the healthy formation and repair of the bone protein matrix.

Our Better Bones Builder is made from the most natural ingredients available. All ingredients are sourced naturally whenever possible and are chosen for their purity, potency and bioavailability, with bone-supporting mineral complexes provided in their most alkalizing forms. Our manufacturing partner adheres to quality standards which are externally validated to meet or exceed the FDA’s GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) regulations. For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s Better Bones Builder is formulated by Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD, medical anthropologist and osteoporosis expert, using the latest nutritional and medical science for women’s bone health. For information on the clinical basis for using Better Bones Builder, click on each individual nutrient below to review a list of pertinent studies and articles, arranged in order of recency.

Multivitamin & Mineral Formula

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
Alpha lipoic acid
Choline (choline bitartrate)
Chromium
Citrus bioflavonoids
Coenzyme Q-10
Inositol
Iodine (kelp, potassium iodide)
Lutein
Lycopene
Methylsulfonyl methane (MSM)
Molybdenum
Quercetin
Selenium
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide)
Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid, as calcium pantothenate)
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
Vitamin E (mixed natural tocopherols)
Zeaxanthin

Amino Acid Complex

Cysteine
Cistine
Glycine (magnesium glycinate)
Glutamine
Lysine
Proline

Bone Health Formula

Boron
Calcium
Copper
Magnesium
Manganese
Potassium
Silica
Strontium
Vitamin A (beta–carotene)
Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine)
Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)
Vitamin C
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) & K2 (menaquinone)
Zinc

Better Bones Balance

Description

Supplement facts

References

Our exclusive bone support nutritional foundation formula

Created exclusively for the Personal Program by Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD, one of the world’s foremost authorities on effective natural bone health support, our Better Bones Balance is a comprehensive osteo support supplement. This alkalizing, targeted blend is formulated to keep your body’s pH in balance while providing the key nutrients you need to support bone health naturally every day.

Based on the latest scientific discoveries, Better Bones Balance works to support strong bones, a healthy metabolism, energy production, hormonal balance, and wellness for women when combined with a healthy eating plan (included in your Program).

The Better Bones Balance formula contains:

A rich multivitamin and mineral formula — with optimal portions of the nutrients necessary for all your daily needs while supporting your body’s own natural cycle of bone breakdown and repair.
A cutting-edge bone health formula — with potent dosages of 17 key nutrients, including vitamin D3, vitamin K1 and K2, calcium, magnesium, and additional ingredients to promote bone strength, density, and flexibility. Also contains bone-supporting mineral complexes in their most alkalizing forms to enhance your body’s pH balance.
An amino acid complex — with a range of amino acids required to support the healthy formation and repair of the bone protein matrix.

Our Better Bones Balance is made from the most natural ingredients available. All ingredients are sourced naturally whenever possible and are chosen for their purity, potency and bioavailability, with bone-supporting mineral complexes provided in their most alkalizing forms. Our manufacturing partner adheres to quality standards which are externally validated to meet or exceed the FDA’s GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) regulations. For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s Better Bones Balance is formulated by Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD, medical anthropologist and osteoporosis expert, using the latest nutritional and medical science for women’s bone health. For information on the clinical basis for using Better Bones Builder, click on each individual nutrient below to review a list of pertinent studies and articles, arranged in order of recency.

Multivitamin & Mineral Formula

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
Alpha lipoic acid
Choline (choline bitartrate)
Chromium
Citrus bioflavonoids
Coenzyme Q-10
Inositol
Iodine (kelp, potassium iodide)
Lutein
Lycopene
Methylsulfonyl methane (MSM)
Molybdenum
Quercetin
Selenium
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin, niacinamide)
Vitamin B5 (panthothenic acid, as calcium pantothenate)
Vitamin B7 (biotin)
Vitamin E (mixed natural tocopherols)
Zeaxanthin

Amino Acid Complex

Cysteine
Cistine
Glycine (magnesium glycinate)
Glutamine
Lysine
Proline

Bone Health Formula

Boron
Calcium
Copper
Magnesium
Manganese
Potassium
Silica
Strontium
Vitamin A (beta–carotene)
Vitamin B6 (pyroxidine)
Vitamin B9 (folic acid)
Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)
Vitamin C
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) & K2 (menaquinone)
Zinc

Our pH Test Kit

Description

Better balance = Better Bones

The American diet and lifestyle are said to be highly acidifying. Many of your daily activities have a powerful effect on the pH balance of your blood and tissues. Exercise, how much sleep you get, your overall stress levels, exposure to environmental toxins, and the food you consume can all generate acidic by-products.

Your bones are the guardians of your pH. The bones store mineral compounds (including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, citrates, phosphates, and carbonates) that the body draws out to neutralize excess acids. If your body is constantly working to regain pH balance because you are “too acidic,” that means the bones are constantly being tapped for alkalizing minerals. Unfortunately, this leads to bone loss and, ultimately, to osteoporosis.

How can I check if I am too acidic?

Your urine and saliva are indicators of how acidic or how alkaline you are, and testing them is simple with the Better Bones pH Paper. A good approximation of your overall tissue pH can be easily obtained by evaluating the pH of your first-morning urine and then monitoring the level over time.

In your Personal Program shipment, you'll receive the Better Bones pH Paper that includes:

Convenient dispenser with a 90-day supply of pH testing paper
Distinct and clear pH testing paper that provides immediate results
One-color match chart (testing range of 5.5 - 8.0 in 0.2-unit increments)
Directions for testing urine or saliva

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

The Basics

Description

Supplement facts

References

The Basics — a foundation of rich nutrition

Our latest foundational supplement is formulated just for women and delivers the purest ingredients with optimal absorption and bioavailability. We’ve streamlined your daily nutrition so both our multivitamin/mineral and calcium/magnesium are combined in one formula that’s easy to take.

Together, these formulas work to support a healthy metabolism, optimal weight management, and overall wellness for women by creating an optimal nutritional base.

Components of The Basics

Multivitamin/mineral complex
Our formula is a comprehensive, highly concentrated vitamin/trace element supplement containing more than 30 essential nutritional ingredients. Minerals and trace elements are provided in safe and bioavailable forms. We always use only the purest, most hypoallergenic ingredients, and The Basics contains no yeast, corn, wheat, sugar or other sweeteners, artificial colors, flavors or preservatives.
Calcium/Magnesium combo
Our calcium/magnesium formula balances these two vital minerals and includes vitamin D, vitamin K, boron, and other ingredients to assist the body in maintaining healthy bone structure and function.

The benefits of The Basics

The same rich nutritional supplement currently in use at Women to Women’s medical clinic.
Doctor-formulated, based on the latest nutritional and medical science for women’s health.
When used to supplement a healthy eating plan, provides a solid nutritional foundation that supports the body’s vital systems, including the immune and the digestive systems.
30 essential nutrients to ensure maximum bioavailability, in safe, effective dosages.
Manufactured in a facility validated by NSF International, to meet or exceed all governmental requirements for good manufacturing practices (the FDA’s GMPs). For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.
Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous procedure used for pharmaceutical drugs.
Made from all-natural ingredients with no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, filler, dyes, or coloring of any kind.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s The Basics are comprehensive nutritional supplements that are doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, provide information about the clinical basis for using Women to Women’s The Basics. Click on each of the nutrients listed to review pertinent studies and articles.

Product references

Vitamin A (beta-carotene and retinyl palmitate)
Copper
Vitamin B₁ (thiamine)
Vitamin D₃ (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)
Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol succinate)
Vitamin B₃ (niacin, niacinamide)
Glutamic acid HCl
Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid)
Inositol
Vitamin B₆ (pyroxidine)
Iodine (potassium iodide)
Vitamin B₇ (biotin)
Vitamin K (phytonadione)
Vitamin B₉ (folic acid)
L–lysine HCl
Vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin)
Magnesium
Boron
Manganese
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Molybdenum
Calcium
Para–aminobenzoic acid
Choline (choline bitartrate)
Selenium
Chromium
Vanadium (vanadyl sulfate)
Citrus bioflavonoids
Zinc

Vitamin A

Arnlöv, J., et al. 2009. Serum and dietary beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based study of Swedish men: Report from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study. Diabetalogica, 52 (1), 97–105. URL (abstract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/334/18/1150 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Sahni, S., et al. 2008. Inverse association of carotenoid intakes with 4-y change in bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056581 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Yang, Z., et al. 2008. Serum carotenoid concentrations in postmenopausal women from the United States with and without osteoporosis. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 78 (3), 105–111. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003732 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Kawaguchi, J. 2006. Generation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes from embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol. Biol., 330, 135–148. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846022 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Bendich, A. 2004. From 1989 to 2001: What have we learned about the “biological actions of beta-carotene”? J. Nutr., 134 (1), 225S–230S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/1/225S (accessed 12.08.2008).

Heinrich, U., et al. 2003. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J. Nutr., 133 (1), 98–101. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/1/98 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Semba, R., et al. 2003. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin. Exp. Res., 15 (6), 482–487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14959951 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Klipstein–Grobusch, K., et al. 2001. Dietary antioxidants and peripheral arterial disease: The Rotterdam Study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154 (2), 145–149. URL: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/154/2/145 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Lin, Y., et al. 1998. Estimating the concentration of beta-carotene required for maximal protection of low-density lipoproteins in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 67 (5), 837-845. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/67/5/837.pdf (accessed 12.08.2008).

Albanes, D., et al. 1996. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: Effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 88 (21), 1560–1570. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/88/21/1560.pdf (accessed 12.08.2008).

McAlindon, T., et al. 1996. Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis. Rheum., 39 (4), 648–656. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8630116 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Omenn, G., et al. 1996. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEJM, 334 (18), 1150–1155. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/334/18/1150 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Wolf, G. 1984. Multiple functions of vitamin A. Physiol. Rev., 64, 873–937.

Vitamin B₁ (thiamine)

Coelho, L., et al. 2008. Thiamin deficiency as a cause of reversible cor pulmonale. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 91 (1), e7–e9. URL (PDF): http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abc/v91n1/en_a13v91n1.pdf (accessed 12.03.2009).

Lonsdale, D. 2006. A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 3 (1), 49–59. URL: http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/3/1/49 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Haupt, E., et al. 2005. Benfotiamine in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy — a three-week randomized, controlled pilot study (BEDIP study). Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 43 (2), 71–77. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15726875 (accessed 12.15.2008).

McCabe–Sellers, B., et al. 2005. Diuretic medication therapy use and low thiamin intake in homebound older adults. J. Nutr. Elder, 24 (4), 57–71. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16597560 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Beltramo, E., et al. 2004. Thiamine and benfotiamine prevent increased apoptosis in endothelial cells and pericytes cultured in high glucose. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 20 (4), 330–336. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15250036 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Shangari, N., et al. 2003. Toxicity of glyoxals — role of oxidative stress, metabolic detoxification and thiamine deficiency. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 31 (Pt. 6), 1390–1393. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14641070 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Gibson, G., & Zhang, H. 2002. Interactions of oxidative stress with thiamine homeostasis promote neurodegeneration. Neurochem. Int., 40 (6), 493–504. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11850106 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lonsdale, D., et al. 2002. Treatment of autistic spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: A pilot study. Neuroendocrinol. Lett., 23 (4), 303–308. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195231 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Elmadfa, I., et al. 2001. The thiamine status of adult humans depends on carbohydrate intake. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 71 (4), 217–221 URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11582856 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Lonsdale, D.2001. Sudden infant death syndrome requires genetic predisposition, some form of stress and marginal malnutrition. Med. Hypoth., 57 (3), 382–386. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37452 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Schenk, G., et al. 1998. Properties and functions of the thiamin diphosphate dependent enzyme transketolase. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 30 (12), 1297–1318. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9924800 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Cooper, J. & Pincus, J. 1979. The role of thiamine in nervous tissue. Neurochem. Res., 4 (2), 223–239. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37452 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Baker, H., et al. 1975. Inability of chronic alcoholics with liver disease to use food as a source of folates, thiamin and vitamin B6. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28 (12), 1377–1380. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/28/12/1377 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)

McNulty, H., et al. 2008. Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 232–237. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412997 (accessed 12.16.2008.).

Yazdanpanah, N., et al. 2008. Low dietary riboflavin but not folate predicts increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele. J. Bone Miner. Res., 23 (1), 86–94. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17725378 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Yazdanpanah, N., et al. 2008. Effect of dietary B vitamins on BMD and risk of fracture in elderly men and women: The Rotterdam study. Bone, 41 (6), 987–994. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936100 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2007. Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (the FAB2 Study). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (10), 2128–2135. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/2128 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845–851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2005. Interaction among folate, riboflavin, genotype, and cancer, with reference to colorectal and cervical cancer. J. Nutr., 135 (12 Suppl.), 2960S–2966S. URL (PDF): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/12/2960S (accessed 12.16.2008).

Macdonald, H., et al. 2004. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism interacts with riboflavin intake to influence bone mineral density. Bone, 35 (4), 957–964. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15454103 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Moat, S. 2003. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin. Chem., 49 (2), 295–302. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/49/2/295 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Lakshmi, A. 1998. Riboflavin metabolism — relevance to human nutrition. Indian J. Med. Res., 108, 182–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9863274 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Madigan, S., et al. 1998. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68 (2), 389–395. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/68/2/389 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Vitamin B₃ (niacin, niacinamide)

Tang, K., et al. 2008. Niacin deficiency causes oxidative stress in rat bone marrow cells but not through decreased NADPH or glutathione status. J. Nutr. Biochem., 19 (11), 746-753. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436439 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Duan, D., et al. 2007. Protective effect of niacinamide on interleukin-1beta-induced annulus fibrosus type II collagen degeneration in vitro. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci., 27 (1), 68–71. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17393114 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Kostecki, L., et al. 2007. Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow. Mutat. Res., 625 (1-2), 50–61. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Spronck, J., et al. 2007. Niacin deficiency alters p53 expression and impairs etoposide-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rat bone marrow cells. Nutr. Cancer, 57 (1), 88–99. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17516866 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Fivenson, D. 2006. The mechanisms of action of nicotinamide and zinc in inflammatory skin disease. Cutis, 77 (1 Suppl.), 5–10. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871773 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Niren, N. 2006. Pharmacologic doses of nicotinamide in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions: A review. Cutis, 77 (1 Suppl.), 11–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871774 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Kirkland, J. 2003. Niacin and carcinogenesis. Nutr. Cancer, 46 (2), 110–118. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14690785 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Boyonoski, A., et al. 2002. Niacin deficiency decreases bone marrow poly(ADP-ribose) and the latency of ethylnitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in rats. J. Nutr., 132 (1), 108–114. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/1/108 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Guruprasad, K., & Vasudev, V. 2001. Inducible protective processes in animal systems: VIII. Enhancement of adaptive response by nicotinamide. Mutagenesis, 16 (3), 257–263. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320152 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Hageman, G., & Stierum, R. 2001. Niacin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 45–56. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295153 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Wiencke, J. 1987. Nicotinamide deficiency in human lymphocytes prevents the [3H]thymidine-induced adaptive response for the repair of X-ray-induced chromosomal damage. Exp. Cell Res., 171 (2), 518–523. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2957224 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid)

Jaroenporn, S., et al. 2008. Effects of pantothenic acid supplementation on adrenal steroid secretion from male rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 31 (6), 1205–1208. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/31/6/31_1205/_article (accessed 12.03.2009).

Scheurig, A., et al. 2008. Association between the intake of vitamins and trace elements from supplements and C-reactive protein: Results of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 62 (1), 127–137. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17311055 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Liciano, J., et al. 2007. Effects of leptin on intake of specific micro- and macronutrients in a woman with leptin gene deficiency studied off and on leptin at stable body weight. Appetite, 49 (3), 594–599. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2194812&blobtype=pdf (accessed 12.15.2008).

Schittl, H., & Getoff, N. 2007. Radiation-induced antitumor properties of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) and its effect on mitomycin C activity: Experiments in vitro. Oncol. Res., 16 (8), 389–394. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17913047 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Ball, G. 2006. Chapter 11: Pantothenic Acid. In Vitamins in Foods: Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability, 211–219. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Depeint, F., et al. 2006. Mitochondrial function and toxicity: role of the B vitamin family on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem. Biol. Interact., 163 (1–2), 94–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765926 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Gaby, A. 1997. Pantothenic acid: All-purpose vitamin, a member of the B-complex vitamin group. Nutr. Healing, 3 (4), 11.

Tahiliani, A., & Beinlich, C. 1991. Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitam. Horm., 46, 165–228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1746161 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Song, W. 1990. Pantothenic acid: How much do we know about this B-vitamin? Nutr. Today, 25 (2), 19–26.

Bonjour, J. 1980. Vitamins and alcoholism. V. Riboflavin; VI. Niacin; VII. Pantothenic acid; VIII. Biotin. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 50, 425–440.

Fry, P., et al. 1976. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid deficient diet in humans. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 22 (4), 339–346.

Vitamin B₆ (pyroxidine)

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/845 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Wolters, M., et al. 2005. Effect of multivitamin supplementation on the homocysteine and methylmalonic acid blood concentrations in women over the age of 60 years. Eur. J. Nutr., 44 (3), 183–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309436 (accessed 12.14. 2008).

Levine, S., & Saltzman, A. 2004. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) neurotoxicity: Enhancement by protein-deficient diet. J. Appl. Toxicol., 24, 497–500. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019915 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1998. A cartilage matrix deficiency experimentally induced by vitamin B6 deficiency. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 217, 97–103. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421212 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1994. Vitamin B6 deficiency experimentally-induced bone and joint disorder: Microscopic, radiographic and biochemical evidence. Br. J. Nutr., 71, 919–932. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8031739 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Benedikt, J., et al. 1996. [The effect of different vitamin B6 supplies on the vitamin B status (pyroxidine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine) of the liver and the body of lactating rats.] Z. Ernahyrungswiss, 35, (3), 273–281. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019915 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Cravo, M., et al. 1996. Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (2), 220–224. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/2/220 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Riggs, K., et al. 1996. Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (3), 306–314. URL (accessed 12.09.2008).

Reynolds, T., et al. 1992. Hip fracture patients may be vitamin B6 deficient. Controlled study of serum pyridoxal-5’-phosphate. Acta Orthop. Scand., 63 (3), 635–638. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1471512 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Massé, P., et al. 1990. Morphological abnormalities in vitamin B6 deficient tarsometatarsal chick cartilage. Scanning Microsc., 4 (3), 667–673; discussion 674. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2080430 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Serfontein, W., et al. 1984. Vitamin B6 revisited. Evidence of subclinical deficiencies in various segments of the population and possible consequences thereof. S. Afr. Med. J., 66 (12), 437–440. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6385307 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Vitamin B₇ (biotin)

Mock, D. 2008. Marginal biotin deficiency is common in normal human pregnancy and is highly teratogenic in mice. J. Nutr., 139 (1), 154–157. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/154 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Said, H. 2008. Cell and molecular aspects of human intestinal biotin absorption.J. Nutr., 139 (1), 158–162. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/158 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Scheinfeld, N., et al. 2007. Vitamins and minerals: Their role in nail health and disease. J. Drugs Dermatol., 6 (8), 782–787. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17763607 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Fernández–Mejía, C. 2005. Pharmacologic effects of biotin. J. Nutr. Biochem., 16 (7), 424–427. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992683 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Gravel, R., & Narang, M. 2005. Molecular genetics of biotin metabolism: Old vitamin, new science. J. Nutr. Biochem., 16 (7), 428–431. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15992684 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Vilches–Flores, A., & Fernández–Mejía, C. 2005. [Effect of biotin upon gene expression and metabolism.] Rev. Invest. Clin., 57 (5), 716–724. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16419467 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Báez–Saldaña, A., et al. 2004. Effects of biotin on pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and markers for glucose and lipid homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (2), 238–243. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/2/238 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Mock, D., et al. 2002. Marginal biotin deficiency during normal pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 295–299. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/2/295 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Pacheco–Alvarez, D., et al. 2002. Biotin in metabolism and its relationship to human disease. Arch. Med. Res., 33 (5), 439–447. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459313 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zempleni, J., & Mock, D. 2000. Marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 223 (1), 14–21. URL: http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/14 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zempleni, J., & Mock, D. 1999. Bioavailability of biotin given orally to humans in pharmacologic doses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (3), 504–508. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/3/504 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Zhang, H., et al. 1997. Biotin administration improves the impaired glucose tolerance of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 43 (3), 271-280. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8477615 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Hochman, L., et al. 1993. Brittle nails: Response to daily biotin supplementation. Cutis, 51, 303–305. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8477615 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Mock, D. 1991. Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency. Semin. Dermatol., 10 (4), 296–302. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764357 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Koutsikos, D., et al. 1990. Biotin for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 44 (10), 511–514. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2085665 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Colombo, V., et al. 1990. Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: Scanning electron microscopy. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 23 (6 Pt. 1), 1127–1132. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2273113 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Floersheim, G. 1989. [Treatment of brittle fingernails with biotin]. Z. Hautkr., 64 (1), 41–48. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2648686 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Nyhan, W. 1987. Inborn errors of biotin metabolism. Arch. Dermatol., 123 (12), 1696–1698a. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3318710 (accessed 12.08.2008).

Misir, R., & Blair, R. 1986. Effect of biotin supplementation of a barley–wheat diet on restoration of healthy feet, legs and skin of biotin deficient sows. Res. Vet. Sci., 40 (2), 212–218. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3704339 (accessed 12.08.2008).

McCormick, D. 1975. Biotin. Nutr. Rev., 33, 97–102.

Vitamin B₉ (folic acid)

Albert, C., et al. 2008. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: A randomized trial. JAMA, 299 (17), 2027–2036. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2027 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Allen, L. 2008. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr. Bull., 29 (2 Suppl.), S20–S34; discussion S35–37. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Dahlin, A., et al. 2008. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and the risk of colorectal cancer: A nested case-referent study. Int. J. Cancer, 122 (9), 2057–2061. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18092327 (accessed 12.15.2008).

McNulty, H., et al. 2008. Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 232–237. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412997 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Miller, J. 2008. Folate, cognition, and depression in the era of folic acid fortification. J. Food Sci., 69, SNQ61–SNQ65. URL (abstract): http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118756271/abstract (accessed 12.15.2008).

Rejnmark, L., et al. 2008. Dietary intake of folate, but not vitamin B2 or B12, is associated with increased bone mineral density 5 years after the menopause: Results from a 10-year follow-up study in early postmenopausal women. Calcif. Tissue Int., 82 (1), 1–11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18175033 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Powers, H. 2007. Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (the FAB2 Study). Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (10), 2128-2135. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/16/10/2128 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Clarke, R. 2006. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the prevention of dementia. NEJM, 354 (26), 2817–2819. URL (extract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/26/2817 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Coppen, A., & Bolander–Gouaille, C. 2005. Treatment of depression: Time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J. Psychopharmacol., 19 (1), 59–65. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Papakostas, G., et al. 2005. The relationship between serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in major depressive disorder and the timing of improvement with fluoxetine. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 8 (4), 523–528. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15877935 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Papakostas, G., et al. 2005. Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder, Part 1: Predictors of clinical response in fluoxetine-resistant depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 65 (8), 1090–1095. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15323594 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Rampersaud, G., et al. 2003. Folate: A key to optimizing health and reducing disease risk in the elderly. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (1), 1–8. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/1 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Czap, K., Ed. 2002. Alternative Medicine Review: Monographs. Dover, ID: Thorne Research, Inc.

Duan, W., et al. 2002. Dietary folate deficiency and elevated homocysteine levels endanger dopaminergic neurons in models of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neurochem., 80 (1), 101–110. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2080430 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Morris, M. 2002. Folate, homocysteine, and neurological function. Nutr. Clin. Care, 5 (3), 124–132. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134567 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Coppen, A., & Bailey, J. 2000. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: A randomised, placebo controlled trial. J. Affect. Disord., 60 (2), 121–130. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10967371 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Bailey, L. & Gregory, J. 1999. Folate metabolism and requirements. J. Nutr., 129 (4), 779–782. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/4/779 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin)

Allen, L. 2008. Causes of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Food Nutr. Bull., 29 (2 Suppl.), S20-S34; discussion S35–37. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Zee, R. et al. 2007. Homocysteine, 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C>T polymorphism, nutrient intake, and incident cardiovascular disease in 24,968 initially healthy women. Clin. Chem., 53 (5), 845-851. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/53/5/84 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Eussen, S., et al. 2005. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: A dose-finding trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (10), 1167–1172. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/10/1167 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Stabler, S., & Allen, R. 2004. Vitamin B12 deficiency as a worldwide problem. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 24, 299–326. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189123 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Hintikka, J., et al. 2003. High vitamin B12 level and good treatment outcome may be associated in major depressive disorder. BMC Psych., 3, 17. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/3/17 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Seal, E., et al. 2002. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 50 (1), 146–151. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/10/1167 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Davis, B., et al. 1982. Enhanced absorption of oral vitamin B12 from a resin adsorbate administered to normal subjects. Manip. Physiol. Ter., 5 (3),123–127. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6752321 (accessed 12.15.2008).

Combs, G., 1992. Vitamin B6 (Chapter 13), and Vitamin B12 (Chapter 17). In The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health, 331–347; 403–419. San Diego: Academic Press.

McBride, J. 2000. B12 deficiency may be more widespread than thought. Agricultural Research. URL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/IS/pr/2000/000802.htm (accessed 12.17.2008).

Boron

Nielsen, F. 2008. Is boron nutritionally relevant? Nutr. Rev., 66 (4), 183–191. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366532 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Naghii, M., et al. 2006. Effects of boron and calcium supplementation on mechanical properties of bone in rats. Biofactors, 28 (3–4), 195–201. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473380 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Devirian, T., & Volpe, S. 2003. The physiological effects of dietary boron. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43 (2), 219–231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12705642 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Nielsen, F. 1998. The justification for providing dietary guidance for the nutritional intake of boron. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 66 (1–3), 319–330. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050927 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapin, R., et al. 1998. The effects of dietary boric acid on bone strength in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 66 (1–3), 395–399. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10050932 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapin, R., et al. 1997. The effects of dietary boron on bone strength in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 35 (2), 205–215. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038242 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hunt, C., et al. 1994. Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. J. Bone Miner. Res., 9 (2), 171–182. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140930 (accessed 12.09.2008).

McCoy, H., et al. 1994. Relation of boron to the composition and mechanical properties of bone. Environ Health Perspect., 102 (Suppl. 7), 49–53. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7889880 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Newnham, R. 1994. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ. Health Perspect., 102 (Suppl. 7), 83–85. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7889887 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Naghii, M., & Samman, S. 1993. The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 17 (4), 331–349. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140253 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Volpe, S., et al. 1993. The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: A review. Magnesium Res., 6 (3), 291–296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8292503 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Beattie, J., & Peace, H. 1993. The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Br. J. Nutr., 69 (3), 871–884. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8329361 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hunt, D., & Herbel, J. 1991–1992. Effects of dietary boron on calcium and mineral metabolism in the streptozocin-injected, vitamin D3–deprived rat. Magnes. Trace Elem., 10 (5–6), 387–408. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1669022 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Vitamin C

Smith, V. 2009. Vitamin C deficiency is an under-diagnosed contributor to degenerative disc disease in the elderly. Med. Hypotheses. 2009 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19932568 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Maïmoun, L., et al. 2008. Effect of antioxidants and exercise on bone metabolism. J. Sports Sci., 26 (3), 251–258. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18074298 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Sahni, S., et al. 2008. High vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. J. Nutr., 138 (10), 1931–1938. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806103 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Shvedova, A., et al. 2007. Vitamin E deficiency enhances pulmonary inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 221 (3), 339–348. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17482224 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Farombi, E., & Onyema, O. 2006. Monosodium glutamate-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in the rat: Modulatory role of vitamin C, vitamin E and quercetin. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 25 (5), 251–259. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16758767 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Soylu, A., et al. 2006. Antioxidants vitamin E and C attenuate hepatic fibrosis in biliary-obstructed rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 12 (42), 6835–6841. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17106933 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Pattison, D., et al. 2004. Vitamin C and the risk of developing inflammatory polyarthritis: Prospective nested case-control study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 63 (7), 843–847. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15194581 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Yasuda, S., et al. 2004. Suppressive effects of ascorbate derivatives on ultraviolet-B-induced injury in HaCaT human keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim., 40 (3–4), 71–73. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15311965 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Maggio, D., et al. 2003. Marked decrease in plasma antioxidants in aged osteoporotic women: Results of a cross-sectional study. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab., 88 (4), 1523–1527. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/4/1523 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Osganian, S., et al. 2003. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 42 (2), 246–252. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12875759 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Stabler, T., & Kraus, V. 2003. Ascorbic acid accumulates in cartilage in vivo. Clin. Chim. Acta, 334, 157–62. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12867287 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Jacob, R., & Sotoudeh, G. 2002. Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease. Nutr. Clin. Care, 5 (2), 66–74. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12134712 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Morton, D. 2001. Vitamin C supplement use and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 16 (1), 135–140. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11149477 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Brubaker, R., et al. 2000. Ascorbic acid content of human corneal epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41 (7), 1681–1683. URL: http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/41/7/1681 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jacques, P. 1999. The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 69 (3), 198–205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10389028 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Falch, J., et al. 1998. Low levels of serum ascorbic acid in elderly patients with hip fracture. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 58, 225–228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9670346 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hall, S., & Greendale, G. 1998. The relation of dietary vitamin C intake to bone mineral density: Results from the PEPI study. Calc. Tiss. Int., 63 (3), 183–189. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9701620 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Rose, R., et al. 1998. Ocular oxidants and antioxidant protection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 217 (4), 397–407. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9521086 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Tessier, F., et al. 1998. Decrease in vitamin C concentration in human lenses during cataract progression. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 68 (5), 309–315. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789763 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Xiao, G., et al. 1997. Ascorbic acid-dependent activation of the osteocalcin promoter in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts: Requirement for collagen matrix synthesis and the presence of an intact OSE2 sequence. Mol. Endocrinol., 11 (8), 1103–1113. URL: http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/8/1103 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Wolf, G. 1996. The mechanism of uptake of ascorbic acid into osteoblasts and leukocytes. Nutr. Rev., 54 (5), 150–152. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8783882 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bendich, A., & Langseth, L. 1995. The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: A review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 14, 124–136. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7790686 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Goralczyk, R., et al. 1992. Regulation of steroid hormone metabolism requires l–ascorbic acid. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 669, 349–351. [No abstract available.]

Hankinson, S., et al. 1992. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: A prospective study. BMJ, 305, 335–339. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1392884 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Davis, R., et al. 1990. Vitamin C influence on localized adjuvant arthritis. J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 80 (8), 414–418. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2376830 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Frei, B., et al. 1989. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86 (16), 6377–6381. URL (PDF): http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=297842&blobtype=pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Pauling, L. 1986. How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.

Wilkins, E., & Wilkins, M. 1979. Effect of aspirin and vitamins C and E on synovial rheumatoid arthritic and other cells. Experientia, 35 (2), 244–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/421847 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Mullen, A., & Wilson, C. 1976. The metabolism of ascorbic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 35, 8A–9A. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/940842 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Schwartz, P. 1970. Ascorbic acid in wound healing — a review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 56, 497-503. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4911836 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Calcium

Bolland, M., et al. 2008. Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 336 (7638), 262–266. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/336/7638/262 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heaney, R. 2008. Calcium supplementation and incident kidney stone risk: A systematic review. J. Am.Coll. Nutr., 27 (5), 519–527. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18845701 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Cashman, K. 2007. Diet, nutrition, and bone health. J. Nutr., 137 (11 Suppl.), 2507S–2512S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/11/2507S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Hsia, J., et al. 2007. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation, 115 (7), 846–854. URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/115/7/846 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Lin, J., et al. 2007. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women. Arch. Intern. Med., 167 (10), 1050–1059. URL http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/167/10/1050 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Tang, B., et al. 2007. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis. Lancet, 370 (9588), 657–666. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720017 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Reid, I., et al. 2006. Randomized controlled trial of calcium in healthy older women. Am. J. Med., 119 (9), 777–785. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16945613 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Grant, A., et al. 2005. RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 365 (9471), 1621–1628. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15885294 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Porthouse, J., et al. 2005. Randomised controlled trial of supplementation with calcium and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ, 330 (7498), 1003–1006. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7498/1003 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Di Daniele, N., et al. 2004. Effect of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in peri-and post-menopause women: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pharmacol. Res., 50 (6), 637–641. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15501704 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Flynn, C. 2004. Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am. Fam. Phys., 69, 2822–2823. URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040615/cochrane.html (accessed 12.09.2008).

Harwood, R., et al. 2004. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NoNOF) Study. Age Ageing, 33 (1), 45–31. URL: http://ageing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/33/1/45 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Suzuki, Y., et al. 2003. Total calcium intake is associated with cortical bone mineral density in a cohort of postmenopausal women not taking estrogen. J. Nutr. Health Aging, 7 (5), 296–299. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917743 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 2002. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: Confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: The Decalyos II study. Osteoporos. Int., 13, 257–264. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991447 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Berchtold, M., et al. 2000. Calcium ion in skeletal muscle: Its crucial role for muscle function, plasticity, and disease. Phys. Res., 80 (3), 1215–1265. URL: http://physrev.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/1215 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heaney, R. 2000. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19 (90002), 83S–99S. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/suppl_2/83S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Ilich, J., & Kerstetter, J. 2000. Nutrition in bone health revisited: A story beyond calcium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19, 715–737. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/6/715 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bendich, A., et al. 1999. Supplemental calcium for the prevention of hip fracture: Potential health-economic benefits. Clin. Ther., 21 (6), 1058–1072. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440627 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bronner, F., & Pansu, D. 1999. Nutritional aspects of calcium absorption. J. Nutr., 129 (1), 9–12. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/129/1/9 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Celotti, F., & Bignamini, A. 1999. Dietary calcium and mineral/vitamin supplementation: A controversial problem. J. Int. Med. Res., 27, 1–14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10417956 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Heller, H., et al. 1999. Pharmacokinetics of calcium absorption from two commercial calcium supplements. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 39 (11), 1151–1154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10579145 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Patrick, L. 1999. Comparative absorption of calcium sources and calcium citrate malate for the prevention of osteoporosis. Altern. Med. Rev., 4 (2), 74–85. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/4/2/74.pdf (accessed 12.09.2008).

Ruml, L., et al. 1999. The effect of calcium citrate on bone density in the early and mid-postmenopausal period: A randomized placebo-controlled study. Am. J. Ther., 6 (6), 303–311. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329114 (accessed 01.02.2009).

O’Brien, K. 1998. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in older men and women. Nutr. Rev., 56 (5 Pt. 1), 148–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624885 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Reid, I. 1998. The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 27 (2), 389–398. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669144 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Barger–Lux, M., & Heaney, R. 1994. The role of calcium intake in preventing bone fragility, hypertension, and certain cancers. J. Nutr., 124 (8 Suppl.), 1406S–1411S. URL (PDF): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/124/8_Suppl/1406S (accessed 12.09.2008).

Bronner, F. 1994. Calcium and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60 (6), 831–836. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/60/6/831 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. NEJM, 327 (23), 1637–1642. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331788 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Simon, J., et al. 1992. Calcium intake and blood pressure in elderly women. Am. J. Epidemiol., 136 (10), 1241–1247. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1476146 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Anderson, J. 1990. Dietary calcium and bone mass through the lifecycle. Nutr. Today, 25 (2),9–14.

Choline

Zeisel, S., & da Costa, K. 2009. Choline: An essential nutrient for public health. Nutr. Rev., 67 (11), 615–623. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782876/?tool=pubmed (accessed 12.04.2009).

Dalmeijer, G., et al. 2008. Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 62 (3), 386–394. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375117 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Spector, T., et al. 2008. Choline–stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9, 85. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/9/85 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Bidulescu, A., et al. 2007. Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 7, 20. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/7/20 (accessed 12.17.2008.).

Chiuve, S., et al. 2007. The association between betaine and choline intakes and the plasma concentrations of homocysteine in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 86 (4), 1073–1081. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/86/4/1073 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Fischer, L., et al. 2007. Sex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient choline. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (5), 1275–1285. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1275 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Zeisel, S. 2007. Gene response elements, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics influence the human dietary requirement for choline. IUBMB Life, 59 (6), 380–387. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430110/?tool=pubmed (accessed 12.04.2009).

Calomme, M., et al. 2006. Partial prevention of long-term femoral bone loss in aged ovariectomized rats supplemented with choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid. Calcif. Tissue Int., 78 (4), 227–232. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16604283 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Cho, E., et al. 2006. Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83 (4), 905–911. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/4/905 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Olthof, M., et al. 2005. Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82 (1), 111–117. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/82/1/111 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Gorustovich, A., et al. 2003. Mandibular bone remodeling under a choline-deficient diet: A histomorphometric study in rats. J. Periodontol., 74 (6), 831–837. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12886993 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Gorustovich, A., et al. 2003. Periimplant bone healing under experimental hepatic osteodystrophy induced by a choline-deficient diet: A histomorphometric study in rats. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res., 5 (2), 124-129. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14536047 (accessed 12.17.2008).

McKenzie, J., et al. 1981. The effects of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline on the precipitation of native fibrils and segment-long-spacing aggregates from collagen solution. J. Supramol. Struct. Cell Biochem., 15 (3), 219-234. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6790719 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Chromium

Qiao, W., et al. 2009. Chromium improves glucose uptake and metabolism through upregulating the mRNA levels of IR, GLUT4, GS, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle cells. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 131 (2), 133-142. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283340 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Anton, S., et al. 2008. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes. Technol. Ther., 10 (5), 405–412. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715218 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Abdourahman, A., & Edwards, J. 2008. Chromium supplementation improves glucose tolerance in diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats. IUBMB Life, 60 (8), 541–548. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18629917 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Horvath, E., et al. 2008. Antidiabetogenic effects of chromium mitigate hyperinsulinemia-induced cellular insulin resistance via correction of plasma membrane cholesterol imbalance. Mol. Endocrinol, 22 (4), 937–950. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165437 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss, H., et al. 2008. Comparing metabolic effects of six different commercial trivalent chromium compounds. J. Inorg. Biochem., 102 (11), 1986–1990. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18774175 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Broadhurst, C., & Domenico, P. 2006. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus — a review. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 677–687. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109600 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Chen, G., et al. 2006. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Mol. Endocrinol., 20 (4), 857–870. URL: http://mend.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/4/857 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Pattar, G., et al. 2006. Chromium picolinate positively influences the glucose transporter system via affecting cholesterol homeostasis in adipocytes cultured under hyperglycemic diabetic conditions. Mutat. Res., 610 (1–2), 93–100. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16870493 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss H., et al. 2001. Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 223 (1–2), 95–102. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681727 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Preuss, H., et al. 2000. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: A pilot study. J. Med., 31 (5–6), 227–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11508317 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Crawford, V., et al. 1999. Effects of niacin-bound chromium supplementation on body composition in overweight African-American women. Diab. Obes. Metabol., 1 (6), 331–337. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11225649 (accessed 12.09.2008).

McCarty, M. 1995. Anabolic effects of insulin on bone suggest a role for chromium picolinate in preservation of bone density. Med. Hypotheses, 45 (3), 241–246. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569546 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Wilson, B., & Gondy, A. 1995. Effects of chromium supplementation on fasting insulin levels and lipid parameters in healthy, non-obese young subjects. Diabet. Res. Clin. Pract., 28 (3), 179–184. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8529496 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Grant, K. et al. 1997. Chromium and exercise training: Effect on obese women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 29 (8), 992–998. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9268955 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Citrus bioflavonoids

Benavente–García, O., & Castillo, J. 2008. Update on uses and properties of citrus flavonoids: New findings in anticancer, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56 (15), 6185–6205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18593176 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Imada, K., et al. 2008. Nobiletin, a citrus polymethoxy flavonoid, suppresses gene expression and production of aggrecanases-1 and -2 in collagen-induced arthritic mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 373 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541144 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Kometani, T., et al. 2008. Effects of alpha-glucosylhesperidin, a bioactive food material, on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 30 (1), 117–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18306109 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Morin, B., et al. 2008. The citrus flavonoids hesperetin and nobiletin differentially regulate low density lipoprotein receptor gene transcription in HepG2 liver cells. J. Nutr., 138 (7), 1274–1281. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567747 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Zielińska–Przyjemska, M., & Ignatowicz, E. 2008. Citrus fruit flavonoids influence on neutrophil apoptosis and oxidative metabolism. Phytother. Res., 22 (12), 1557–1562. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803250 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Benavente–García, O., et al. 2007. Beneficial action of Citrus flavonoids on multiple cancer-related biological pathways. Cur. Cancer Drug Targets, 7 (8), 795–809. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18220529 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Murakami, A., et al. 2007. Citrus nobiletin suppresses bone loss in ovariectomized ddY mice and collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice: Possible involvement of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)–induced osteoclastogenesis regulation. Biofactors, 30 (3), 179–192. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18525112 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Cervantes–Laurean, D., et al. 2006. Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation on collagen by rutin and its metabolites. J. Nutr. Biochem., 17 (8), 531–540. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443355 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Kawaguchi, K., et al. 2006. Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by oral administration of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin. Planta Med., 72 (5), 477–479. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16557465 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Wong, R., & Rabie, A. 2006. Effect of naringin collagen graft on bone formation. Biomaterials, 27 (9), 1824–1831. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310246 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Hoensch, H., & Kirch, W. 2005. Potential role of flavonoids in the prevention of intestinal neoplasia: A review of their mode of action and their clinical perspectives. Int. J. Gastrointest. Cancer, 35 (3), 187–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16110120 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Le Marchand, L. 2002. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids — a review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 56 (6), 296–301. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12224601 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Guthrie, N., & Carroll, K. 1998. Inhibition of mammary cancer by citrus flavonoids. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 439, 227–236. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9781306 (accessed 12.17.2008).

So, F., et al. 1996. Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices. Nutr. Cancer, 26 (2), 167–181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8875554 (accessed 12.17.2008).

Copper

Harvey, L., & McArdle, H. 2008. Biomarkers of copper status: A brief update. Br. J. Nutr., 99 (Suppl. 3), S10–S13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18598583 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lakatos, B., et al. 2004. [The role of essential metal ions in the human organism and their oral supplementation to the human body in deficiency states.] Orv. Hetil., 145 (25), 1315–1319. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285149 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Roughead, Z., & Lukaski, H. 2003. Inadequate copper intake reduces serum insulin-like growth factor-I and bone strength in growing rats fed graded amounts of copper and zinc. J. Nutr., 133 (2), 442–448. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/2/442 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lowe, N., et al. 2002. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133199 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Milne, D., et al. 2001. Low dietary zinc alters indices of copper function and status in postmenopausal women. Nutrition, 17 (9), 701–708. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11527655 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Rico, H., et al. 2000. The effect of supplemental copper on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Menopause, 7 (6), 413–416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127764 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Baker, A., et al. 1999. Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 53, 408–412. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10369498 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Linder, M., & Hazegh–Azam, M. 1996. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 63 (5), 797S–811S. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/63/5/797S (accessed 12.16.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Strain, J. 1988. A reassessment of diet and osteoporosis — possible role for copper. Med. Hypotheses, 27 (4), 333–338. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3067062 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Strause, L., et al. 1986. Effects of long-term dietary manganese and copper deficiency on rat skeleton. J. Nutr., 116 (1), 135–141. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/116/1/135 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Solomons, N. 1985. Biochemical, metabolic, and clinical role of copper in human nutrition. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 4 (1), 83–105. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3921587 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Williams, D. 1983. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin. Hematol., 20 (2), 118–128. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410510 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

Bischoff-Ferrari, H., et al. 2009. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos. Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957164 (accessed 12.04.2009).

Aloia, J., et al. 2008. Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (6), 1952–1958. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541590 (accessed 06.10.2008)

Brown, S. 2008. Vitamin D and fracture reduction: An evaluation of the existing research. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (1), 21–33. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377100 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cannell, J., et al. 2008. Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 9 (1), 107–118. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076342 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cannell, J., & Hollis, B. 2008. Use of vitamin D in clinical practice. Altern Med Rev., 13 (1), 6–20. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377099 (accessed 04.01.2008).

Cantorna, M. 2008. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: An update. Nutr. Rev., 66 (10 Suppl. 2), S135-S138. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844840 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Gigante, A., et al. 2008. Vitamin K and D association stimulates in vitro osteoblast differentiation of fracture site derived human mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 22 (1), 35–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18394316 (accessed 01.02.2009).

Jacobs, E., et al. 2008. Vitamin D insufficiency in southern Arizona. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (3), 608–613. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326598 (accessed 09.02.2008).

Looker, A., & Mussolino, M. 2008. Serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D and hip fracture risk in older US white adults. J. Bone Miner. Res., 23 (1), 143–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907920 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Maalouf, J., et al. 2008. Short- and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93 (7), 2693–2701. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445674 (accessed 06.10.2008).

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. 2008. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Vitamin D. URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp#h2 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Norman, A. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: Fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine essential for good health. Am.J. Clin. Nutr, 88 (2), 491S–499S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689389 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Palomar, X., et al. 2008. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 10 (3), 185–197. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269634 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Vasquez, A., & Stone, M. 2008. Vitamin D: How much is enough and how much is too much? Institute of Functional Medicine Fall Webinar Series.

Anastossios, G., et al. 2007. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 92 (6), 2017–2029. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/6/2017 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H. 2007. Vitamin D and muscle function. Int. Congress Series, 1297, 143–147. URL (abstract): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7581-4NCDMP3-P&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2007&_alid=841581049&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=12913&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=4&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=1c596945a4fae4915ef977b8cbd17af8 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Broe, K., et al. 2007. A higher dose of vitamin D reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: A randomized, multiple-dose study. JAGS, 55 (2), 234–239. URL: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553365 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Gorham, E., et al. 2007. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: A quantitative meta analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med., 32 (3), 210–216. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296473 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Hathcock, J., et al. 2007. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (1), 6–18. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/6 (accessed 09.02.2008).

Holick, M. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM, 357 (3), 266–281. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/3/266 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Knight, J., et al. 2007. Vitamin D and reduced risk of breast cancer: A population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 16 (3), 422–429. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/16/3/422.long (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lappe, J., et al. 2007. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (6), 1586–1591. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/1586 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Pendás–Franco, N., et al. 2007. Vitamin D regulates the phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Differentiation, 75 (3), 193–207. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17288543 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Robien, K., et al. 2007. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control, 18 (7), 775–782. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17549593 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2006. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84 (4), 18–28. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/18 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Finkelstein, J. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women — Bone appétit? NEJM, 354 (7), 750–752. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/750 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Francis, R., et al. 2006. Calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. QJM, 99 (6), 355–363. URL: http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/6/355 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Garland, et al. 2006. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am. J. Public Health, 96 (2), 252–261. URL: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/96/2/252 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Jackson, et al. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. NEJM, 354 (7) 669–683. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/669 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Correction to Jackson et al., NEJM, 354 (7) 669-683. February 16, 2006. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/10/2285 (accessed 05.23.2006).

Correction to Jackson et al., NEJM, 354 (7) 669-683. May 25, 2006. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/21/2285 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Javaid, M., et al. 2006. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: A longitudinal study. The Lancet, 369 (9504), 36–43. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399151 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Norman, A. 2006. Minireview: Vitamin D receptor: New assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 147 (12), 5542–5548. URL: http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/12/5542 (accessed 09.18.2008).

Snijder, M. et al. 2006. Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2980–2985. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/8/2980 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Wolpowitz, D., & Gilchrest, B. 2006. The vitamin D questions: How much do you need and how should you get it? J. Am. Acad. Derm., 54 (2), 301-317. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443061 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Andersen, R., et al. 2005. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 59 (4), 533-541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714215 (accessed 09.03.2008).et al. 2005. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (11), 1246–1252. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/11/1246 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2005. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 293 (18), 2257–2264. Review. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/18/2257 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2005. Positive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and bone density in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 53 (6), 821–826. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16342101 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Dawson–Hughes, B. 2005.The role of vitamin D in fracture prevention. BoneKey-Osteovision, 2 (4), 6–10. URL: http://www.bonekey-ibms.org/cgi/reprint/ibmske;2/4/6 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Flicker, L., et al. 2005. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. J. Am. Geriatrics Soc., 53 (11), 1881. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274368 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Giovannucci, E. 2005. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: A review (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 16 (2), 83–95. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868450 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Gorham, E., et al. 2005. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 97 (1–2), 179–194. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236494 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Liu, S., et al. 2005. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes Care, 28 (12), 2926–2932. URL; http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/12/2926 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Moore, C., et al. 2005. Vitamin D intakes by children and adults in the United States differ among ethnic groups. J. Nutr., 135 (10), 2478–2485. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/10/2478 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Sato, Y., et al. 2005. Amelioration of osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D by sunlight exposure in hospitalized, elderly women with Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res., 20 (8), 1327–1333. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16007329 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Steingrimsdottir, L., et al. 2005. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA, 294 (18), 2336–2341. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/18/2336 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Armas, L., et al. 2004. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (11), 5387–5391. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/11/5387 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2004. Effect of vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 291 (16), 1999–2006. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/16/1999 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2004. Higher 25–hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > 60 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (3), 752–758. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/752 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Chiu, K., et al. 2004. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (5), 820–825 URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/5/820 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Holick, M. 2004. Vitamin D: Importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (3), 362–371. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/3/362 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Parikh, S. 2004. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (3), 1196–1199. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1196 (accessed 05.26.2006).

VanAmerongen, B., et al. 2004. Multiple sclerosis and vitamin D: An update. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (8), 1095–1109. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15054436 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vasquez, A., et al. 2004. The clinical importance of vitamin D (cholecalciferol): A paradigm shift with implications for all healthcare providers. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 10 (5), 28–36. URL (PDF): http://www.chineseherbacademy.org/Vitamin_D.pdf (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vieth, R. 2004. Why the optimal requirement for vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 89–90 (1–5), 575–579. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15225842 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Vieth, R., et al. 2004. Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutrition J., 3 (1), 8. URL: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/8 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Bischoff, H., et al. 2003. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: A randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Min. Res., 18 (2), 1999–2006. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/16/1999 (accessed 12.10.2008).

Borissova, A., et al. 2003. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 57 (4), 258–261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800453 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Grau, M., et al. 2003. Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: Results of a randomized trial. J. Nat. Canc. Inst., 95 (23), 1765–1771. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/23/1765 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (2), 142–146. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/2/142 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (1), 204–210. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/1/204 (accessed 09.05.2008).

Malabanan, A., & Holick, M. 2003. Vitamin D and bone health in postmenopausal women. J. Women’s Health (Larchmt.), 12 (2), 151–156. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12737713 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 2002. Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: Confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk. The Decalyos II study. Osteoporos. Int., 13 (3), 257–264. URL (accessed 01.13.2009). URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991447 (accessed 01.13.2009).

European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate–General. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out157/_en.pdf (accessed 09.03.2008).

Janssen, H., et al. 2002. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75 (4), 611–615. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/4/611 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Sigmund, C. 2002. Regulation of renin expression and blood pressure by vitamin D(3). J. Clin. Invest., 110 (2), 155–156. URL: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/16160 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Chatterjee, M. 2001. Vitamin D and genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 69–87. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295155 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Pfeifer, M., et al. 2001. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86 (4), 1633–1637. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/4/1633 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Sato, Y., et al. 2001. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of hip fractures among disabled elderly stroke patients. Stroke, 32 (7), 1673–1677. URL: http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/7/1673 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Vieth, R., et al. 2001. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (2), 288–294. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/288 (accessed 09.10.2008).

Glerup, H., et al. 2000. Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J. Int. Med., 247 (2), 260–268. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10692090 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Platz, E., et al. 2000. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum. Cancer Epidem. Biomark. Prev., 9 (10), 1059–1065. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/9/10/1059 (accessed 12.11.2008).

LeBoff, M., et al. 1999. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA, 281 (16), 1505–1511. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/281/16/1505 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vieth, R. 1999. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (5), 842–856. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/842 (accessed 09.03.2008).

Boucher, B. 1998. Inadequate vitamin D status: Does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’? Br. J. Nutr., 79 (4), 315–327. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624222 (accessed 09.15.2008).

Lansdowne, A., & Provost, S. 1998. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 135 (4), 319–323. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539254 (accessed 05.27.2006).

Dawson–Hughes, B., et al. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. NEJM, 337 (10), 670–676. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/337/10/670 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Holick, M. 1995. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61 (Suppl.), 638–645. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/3/638S.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1994. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ, 308 (6936), 1081–1082. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/308/6936/1081 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Need, A., et al. 1993. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25–hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (6), 882–885. URL: (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/58/6/882.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

Chapuy, M., et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. NEJM, 327 (23), 1637–1642. URL (abstract): http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/23/1637 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Vitamin E

Bist, R., & Bhatt, D. 2008. The evaluation of effect of alpha-lipoic acid and vitamin E on the lipid peroxidation, gamma-amino butyric acid and serotonin level in the brain of mice (Mus musculus) acutely intoxicated with lindane. J. Neurol. Sci. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18950802 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Chuin, A., et al. 2008. Effect of antioxidants combined to resistance training on BMD in elderly women: A pilot study. Osteoporos. Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020919 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Hermizi, H., et al. 2008. Beneficial effects of tocotrienol and tocopherol on bone histomorphometric parameters in Sprague–Dawley male rats after nicotine cessation. Calcif. Tissue Int. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020790 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Rao, C., & Vijayakumar, M. 2008. Effect of quercetin, flavonoids and alpha-tocopherol, an antioxidant vitamin, on experimental reflux oesophagitis in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 589 (1–3), 233–238. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18547560 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Wambi, C., et al. 2008. Dietary antioxidants protect hematopoietic cells and improve animal survival after total-body irradiation. Radiat. Res., 169 (4), 384–396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18363433 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Robinson, I., et al. 2006. Vitamin E in humans: An explanation of clinical trial failure. Endocr. Pract., 12 (5), 576–582. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17002935 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Lee, I., et al. 2005. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: The Women’s Health Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 294 (1), 56–65. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/294/1/56 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Miller, E., et al. 2005. Meta-analysis: High-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann. Intern. Med.,142 (1), 37–46. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15537682 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Shekelle, P., et al. 2004. Effect of supplemental vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 19 (4), 380–389. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15061748 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Helmy, M., et al. 2001. Antioxidants as adjuvant therapy in rheumatoid disease. A preliminary study. Arzneimittelforschung, 51, 293–298. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11367869 (accessed 12.21.2008).

De la Fuente, M., et al. 2000. Changes in macrophage and lymphocyte functions in guinea-pigs after different amounts of vitamin E ingestion. Br. J. Nutr., 84 (1), 25–29. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10961157 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Moriguchi, S., & Muraga, M. 2000. Vitamin E and immunity. Vitam Horm., 59, 305-336. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10714244 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Pryor, W. 2000. Vitamin E and heart disease: basic science to clinical intervention trials. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 28 (1), 141-164. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10656300 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Stahl, W., et al. 2000. Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71 (3), 795–798. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/3/795 (accessed 12.18.2008).

De la Fuente M, et al. 1998. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 76 (4), 373–380. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9795745 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Moriguchi, S. 1998. The role of vitamin E in T-cell differentiation and the decrease of cellular immunity with aging. Biofactors, 7 (1–2), 77–86. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9523031 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Urano, S., et al. 1998. Aging and oxidative stress in neurodegeneration. Biofactors, 7 (1–2), 103–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9523034 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Beharka, A., et al. 1997. Vitamin E status and immune function. Methods Enzymol., 282, 247–263. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330293 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Edmonds, S., et al. 1997. Putative analgesic activity of repeated oral doses of vitamin E in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a prospective placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 56 (11), 649–655. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9462166 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Nachbar, F., & Korting, H. 1995. The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin. J. Mol. Med., 73 (1), 7–17. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7633944 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Meydani, S., et al. 1990. Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 52 (3), 557-563. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/52/3/557 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Glutamic acid

Yeh, C.-L., et al. 2006. Effect of glutamine on cellular adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte transmigration in endothelial cells stimulated by plasma or peritoneal drain fluid from a surgical patient. Shock, 25 (3), 236-240. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16552354 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Yeh, S.-L., et al. 2004. Effects of glutamine supplementation on innate immune response in rats with gut-derived sepsis. Br. J. Nutr., 91 (3), 426–429. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15005828 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Buchman, A. 2001. Glutamine: Commercially essential or conditionally essential? A critical appraisal of the human data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74 (1), 25-32. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/74/1/25 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Garattini, S., et al. 2000. Glutamic acid, twenty years later. J. Nutr., 130 (4), 901S–909S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/4/901S (accessed 11.20.2009).

Haisch, M., et al. 2000. Oxidation of glutamine by the splanchnic bed in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 278 (4), E593–E602. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/278/4/E593 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Kudsk, K., et al. 2000. Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition maintains intestinal interleukin-4 and mucosal immunoglobulin A levels. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 24 (5), 270-274; discussion 274-275. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11011781 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Buchman, A. 1999. Glutamine for the gut: Mystical poperties or an ordinary amino acid? Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 1 (5), 417–423. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10980981 (accessed 12.01.2009).

[No authors listed.] 1993. Glutamine in parenteral solutions enhances intestinal mucosal immune function in rats. Nutr. Rev., 51 (5), 152–155. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098788 (accessed 12.01.2009).

van der Hulst, R., et al. 1993. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 341 (8857), 1363–1365. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098788 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Souba, W. 1991. Glutamine: A key substrate for the splanchnic bed. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 11, 285-308. URL: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.001441 (accesessed 12.01.2009).

Klimberg, V., et al. 1990. Oral glutamine accelerates healing of the small intestine and improves outcome after whole abdominal radiation. Arch. Surg., 125 (8), 1040-1045. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2378557 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Souba, W., et al. 1990. Gut glutamine metabolism. JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr., 14 (4 Suppl.), 45S–50S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2205731 (accessed 12.01.2009).

Inositol

Villeneuve, M., et al. 2009. Hyperinsulinemia is closely related to low urinary clearance of D-chiro-inositol in men with a wide range of insulin sensitivity. Metabolism, 58 (1), 62–68. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19059532 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Baillargeon, J., et al. 2008. Greek hyperinsulinemic women, with or without polycystic ovary syndrome, display altered inositols metabolism. Hum. Reprod., 23 (6), 1439–1446. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18375940 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Cheang, K, et al. 2008. Insulin-stimulated release of D-chiro-inositol-containing inositolphosphoglycan mediator correlates with insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism, 57 (10), 1390–1397. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803944 (accessed 12.19.2008).

López-González, A., et al. 2008. Phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) and risk factors for osteoporosis. J. Med. Food, 11 (4), 747-752. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053869 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Minozzi, M., et al. 2008. Treatment of hirsutism with myo-inositol: A prospective clinical study. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 17 (4), 579–582. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854115 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Saeed, S., et al. 2007. Herbal and dietary supplements for treatment of anxiety disorders. Am. Fam. Physician, 76 (4), 549–556. URL: http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070815/549.html (accessed 12.19.2008).

Baillargeon, J., et al. 2006. Altered D-chiro-inositol urinary clearance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care, 29 (2), 300–305. URL: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/2/300 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jorm, A., et al. 2004. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for anxiety disorders. Med. J. Aust., 181 (7 Suppl.), S29–S46. URL: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_07_041004/jor10845_fm.html (accessed 12.19.2008).

Shen, X., et al. 2003. Modulation of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes by inositol polyphosphates. Science, 299 (5603), 112–114. URL (registration required): http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/299/5603/112 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Steger, D., et al. 2003. Regulation of chromatin remodelling by inositol polyphosphates. Science, 299 (5603), 114–116. URL (registration required): http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;299/5603/114 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nick, G. 2004. Inositol as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: A scientific evaluation of its clinical effectiveness. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. October. URL: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_255/ai_n6211958 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nemets, B., et al. 2002. Myo-inositol has no beneficial effect on premenstrual dysphoric disorder. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 3 (3), 147–149. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478879 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Palatnik, A., et al. 2001. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 21 (3), 335–339. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11386498 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fux, M., et al. 1999. Inositol versus placebo augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder: A double-blind cross-over study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2, 193–195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281989 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Levine J. 1997. Controlled trials of inositol in psychiatry. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 7 (2), 147–155. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9169302 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fux, M., et al. 1996. Inositol treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 153 (9), 1219–1221. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780431 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Benjamin, J., et al. 1995. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 1084–1086. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7793450 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Iodine & iodide

Caldwell, K., et al. 2008. Iodine status of the US Population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Thyroid, 18 (11), 1207–1214. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Patrick, L. 2008. Iodine: Deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 13 (2), 116–127. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Fuge, R. 2007. Iodine deficiency: An ancient problem in a modern world. Ambio., 36 (1), 70–72. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408193 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hollowell, J., & Haddow, J. 2007. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States of America. Public Health Nutr., 10 (12A), 1532–1539; discussion 1540–1541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053275 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Pearce, E. 2007. National trends in iodine nutrition: Is everyone getting enough? Thyroid, 17 (9), 823–827. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17956156 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Ren, F., et al. 2007. Effects of selenium and iodine deficiency on bone, cartilage growth plate and chondrocyte differentiation in two generations of rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15 (10), 1171–1177. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17490897 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hoption Cann, S. 2006. Hypothesis: Dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Review. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 25 (1), 1–11. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/25/1/1 (accessed 01.13.2009).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2006. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: Status and perspectives. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 155 (2), 219-228. URL: http://eje-online.org/cgi/content/full/155/2/219 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Moreno-Reyes, R., et al. 2006. Iodine deficiency mitigates growth retardation and osteopenia in selenium-deficient rats. J. Nutr., 136 (3), 595–600. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/3/595 (accessed 12019.2008).

Teng, W., et al. 2006. Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China. NEJM, 354 (26), 2783–2793. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2783 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Utiger, R. 2006. Iodine nutrition — more is better. NEJM, 354 (26), 2819–2821. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2819 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Caldwell, K., et al. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Thyroid, 15 (7), 692–699. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Mann, J., & Aitken, E. 2003. The re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand? J. NZ Med. Assoc., 116 (1170). URL: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/116-1170/351/ (accessed 01.04.2009).

Soldin, O., et al. 2003. Urinary iodine percentile ranges in the United States. Clin. Chim. Acta, 328 (1-2), 185–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12559616 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Bülow Pedersen, I., et al. 2002. Large differences in incidences of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism associated with a small difference in iodine intake: A prospective comparative register-based population survey. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 87 (10), 4462–4469. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/87/10/4462 (accessed 12.19.2008).

De Benoist, B., & Delange, F. 2002. [Iodine deficiency: Current situation and future prospects.] Santé, 12 (1), 9–17. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11943633 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Delange, F. 2002. Iodine deficiency in Europe and its consequences: An update. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging., 29 (Suppl. 2), S404–S416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396704 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Delange, F., et al. 2002. World status of monitoring iodine deficiency disorders control programs. Thyroid, 12 (10), 915–924. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12494927 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Shealy, C., et al. 2002. Correction of low body temperature with iodine supplementation. Front. Perspect., 11 (1), 6–8. URL (PDF): www.iodine4health.com/research/shealy_2002_low_body_temperature.pdf (accessed 12.18.2008).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2001. Environmental iodine intake affects the type of nonmalignant thyroid disease. Thyroid, 11 (5), 457-469. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396704 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hetzel, B. 2000. Iodine and neuropsychological development. J. Nutr., 130 (2S Suppl.), 493S–495S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/130/2/493S (accessed 12.18.2008).

Laurberg, P., et al. 2000. Thyroid disorders in mild iodine deficiency. Thyroid, 10 (11), 951–963. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128722 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Vitti, P., et al. 2001. Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe. Public Health Nutr., 4 (2B), 529-535. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11683547 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Lee, K., et al. 1999. Too much versus too little: The implications of current iodine intake in the United States. Nutr. Rev., 57 (6), 177–181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10439630 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Hollowell, J., et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: Iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (10), 3401–3408. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/10/3401 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Dunn, J. 1996. Seven deadly sins in confronting endemic iodine deficiency, and how to avoid them. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81 (4), 1332–1335. URL (accessed 12.19.2008).

Dunn, J. 1993. Iodine supplementation and the prevention of cretinism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 678, 158–168. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8494259 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Vitamin K

Bügel, S. 2008. Vitamin K and bone health in adult humans. Vitam Horm., 78, 393-416. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18374202 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Cheung, A., et al. 2008. Vitamin K supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (ECKO trial): A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med., 5 (10), 1–12. URL http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18922041 (accessed 01.12.2009).

Cranenburg, E., et al. 2008. The circulating form of matrix Gla protein (ucMGP) as a biomarker for cardiovascular calcification. J. Vasc. Res., 45 (5), 427–436. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401181 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Lanham–New, S. 2008. Importance of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Proc. Nutr. Soc., 67 (2), 163–176. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412990 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Nimptsch, K., et al. 2008. Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC–Heidelberg). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (4), 985–992. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18400723 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Van Summeren, M., et al. 2008. Vitamin K status is associated with childhood bone mineral content. Br. J. Nutr., 100 (4), 852–858. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18279558 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Cranenburg, E., et al. 2007. Vitamin K: The coagulation vitamin that became omnipotent. Thromb. Haemost., 98 (1), 120–125. URL: http://www.schattauer.de/index.php?id=1268&no_cache=1&download=0&article=21108 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Hara, K., & Akiyama, Y. 2007. [Vitamin K and bone quality.] Clin. Calcium, 17 (11), 1678–1684. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982187 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Grobbee, D., & van der Graaf, Y. 2007. Vitamin K intake and calcifications in breast arteries. Maturitas, 56, 273–279. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010542 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Lee, N., et al. 2007. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell, 130 (3), 456–469. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17693256 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Pearson, D. 2007. Bone health and osteoporosis: The role of vitamin K and potential antagonism by anticoagulants. Nutr. Clin. Pract., 22 (5), 517–544. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906277 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Schurgers, L., et al. 2007. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: Comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood, 109 (8), 3279–3283. URL: http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/content/full/109/8/3279 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Cockayne, S., et al. 2006. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch. Intern. Med., 166 (12), 1256–1261. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/166/12/1256 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Ikeda, Y., et al. 2006. Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. J. Nutr., 136 (5), 1323–1328. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/5/1323 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Kaneki, M., et al. 2006. Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: Protector of bone health and beyond? Nutrition, 22 (7-8), 845–852. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16815498 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Adams, J., & Pepping, J. 2005. Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm, 62 (15), 1574–1581. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16030366 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Geleijnse, J., et al. 2004. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: The Rotterdam Study. J. Nutr., 134 (11), 3100–3105. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/134/11/3100 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Vermeer, C., et al. 2004. Beyond deficiency: Potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. Eur. J. Nutr., 43 (6), 325–335. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309455 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Booth, S., et al. 2003. Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (2), 512–516. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/2/512 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Takahashi, M., et al. 2001. Effect of vitamin K and/or D on undercarboxylated and intact osteocalcin in osteoporotic patients with vertebral or hip fractures. Clin. Endocrin., 54 (2), 219–224. URL (abstract): http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=891553 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Feskanich, D., et al. 1999. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: A prospective study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (1), 74–79. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/1/74 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Jie, K., et al. 1995. Vitamin K intake and osteocalcin levels in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: A population-based study. Atherosclerosis, 116 (1), 117-123. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7488326 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hodges, S., et al. 1993. Circulating levels of vitamins K1 and K2 decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. J. Bone Miner. Res., 8 (10), 1241–1245. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8256661 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Szulc, P., et al. 2003. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J. Clin. Invest., 91 (4), 1769–1774. URL (PDF): http://www.jci.org/articles/view/116387/pdf (accessed 12.12.2008).

L–lysine

Tomé, D., & Bos, C. 2007. Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. J. Nutr., 137 (6 Suppl. 2), 1642S–1645S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/6/1642S (accessed 12.30.2008).

Flakoll, P., et al. 2004. Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and lysine supplementation on strength, functionality, body composition, and protein metabolism in elderly women. Nutrition, 20 (5), 445–451. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105032 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Datta, D., et al. 2001. Lysine: Is it worth more? Cytotechnology, 36 (1–3), 3–32. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003311 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Tipton, K., et al. 1999. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am. J. Physiol. Endo. Met., 276 (4 Pt. 1), E628–E634. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/276/4/E628 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Sulochana, K., et al. 1998. Beneficial effect of lysine and amino acids on cataractogenesis in experimental diabetes through possible antiglycation of lens proteins. Exp. Eye Res., 67 (5), 597–601. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9878222 (accessed 12.30.2008).

Magnesium

Bergman, C., et al. 2009. What is next for the Dietary Reference Intakes for bone metabolism related nutrients beyond calcium: Phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 49 (2), 136–144. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18989832 (accessed 12.16.2008).

Odabasi, E., et al. 2008. Magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Can magnesium play a key role in osteoporosis? Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore, 37 (7), 564–567. URL (PDF): http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo7Jul2008/V37N7p564.pdf (accessed 12.19.2008).

Hunt, C., & Johnson, L. 2006. Magnesium requirements: New estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of metabolic magnesium balance data. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 84 (4), 843–852. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/84/4/843 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 2006. Reduction of dietary magnesium by only 50% in the rat disrupts bone and mineral metabolism. Osteoporos. Int., 17 (7), 1022–1032. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601920 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Moshfegh, A., et al. 2005. What we eat in America, NHANES 2001–2002: Usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. URL: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/usualintaketables2001-02.pdf (accessed 05.13.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 2005. Dietary magnesium reduction to 25% of nutrient requirement disrupts bone and mineral metabolism in the rat. Bone, 37 (2), 211–219. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923157 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Walker, A., et al. 2003. Mg citrate found more bioavailable than other Mg preparations in a randomised, double-blind study. Magnes. Res., 16 (3), 183–191. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14596323 (accessed 01.02.2009).

Hartwig, A. 2001. Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Mutat. Res., 475 (1–2), 113–121. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295157 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Creedon, A., et al. 1999. The effect of moderately and severely restricted dietary magnesium intakes on bone composition and bone metabolism in the rat. Br. J. Nutr., 82 (1), 63–71. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10655958 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Rude, R., et al. 1999. Magnesium deficiency-induced osteoporosis in the rat: Uncoupling of bone formation and bone resorption. Magnes. Res., 14 (4), 257–267. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10612083 (accessed 05.12.2008).

Shivakumar, K., & Kumar, B. 1997. Magnesium deficiency enhances oxidative stress and collagen synthesis in vivo in the aorta of rats. Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 29 (11), 1273–1278. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9451824 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Pennington, J. 1996. Intakes of minerals from diets and foods: Is there a need for concern? J. Nutr., 126 (9 Suppl.), 2304S–2308S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/126/9_Suppl/2304S (accessed 05.13.2008).

Dreosti, I. 1995. Magnesium status and health. Nutr. Rev., 53 (9 Pt. 2), S23–S27. URL [no abstract available]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577414 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Sojka, J., & Weaver, C. 1995. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr. Rev., 53 (3), 71–74. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8577414 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Abbott, L., & Rude, R. 1993. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 19 (4–5), 314–322. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8264519 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Paunier, L. 1992. Effect of magnesium on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd., 140 (9 Suppl. 1), S17–S20. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331782 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Mountokalakis, T. 1987. Effects of aging, chronic disease, and multiple supplements on magnesium requirements. Magnesium, 6 (1), 5-11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3821176 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Iseri, L., & French, J. 1984. Magnesium: Nature’s physiologic calcium blocker. Am. Heart J., 108, 188–193.

Cohen, L., & Kitzes, R. 1981. Infrared spectroscopy and magnesium content of bone mineral in osteoporotic women. Israel J. Med. Sci., 17, 1123–1125. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7327911 (accessed 12.12.2008).

Seelig, M. 1980. Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease. New York: Plenum Press. URL: http://www.mgwater.com/Seelig/Magnesium-Deficiency-in-the-Pathogenesis-of-Disease/preface.shtml (accessed 05.12.2008).

Manganese

Bae, Y., & Kim, M. 2008. Manganese supplementation improves mineral density of the spine and femur and serum osteocalcin in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 124 (1), 28–34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18330520 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Lüthen, F., et al. 2007. Influence of manganese ions on cellular behavior of human osteoblasts in vitro. Biomol. Eng., 24 (5), 531-536. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17884722 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Palacios, C. 2006. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 46 (8), 621–628. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092827 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Rico, H. et al. 2000. Effects on bone loss of manganese alone or with copper supplement in ovariectomized rats. A morphometric and densitomeric study. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 90 (1), 97–101. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10767519 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Greger, J. 1998. Dietary standards for manganese: Overlap between nutritional and toxicological studies. J. Nutr., 128 (2), 368S–371S. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/128/2/368S (accessed 05.13.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Pennington, J., & Young, B. 1991. Total Diet Study nutritional elements 1982–1989. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 91 (2), 179–183. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1991931 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Slemenda, C., et al. 1990. Predictors of bone mass in perimenopausal women. A prospective study of clinical data using photon absorptiometry. Ann. Intern. Med., 112 (2), 96-101. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294827 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Freeland–Graves, J., et al. 1988. Metabolic balance of manganese in young men consuming diets containing five levels of dietary manganese. J. Nutr., 118 (6), 764–773. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/118/6/764 (accessed 05.28.2008).

Reginster, J.Y., et al. 1988. Trace elements and postmenopausal osteoporosis: A preliminary study of decreased serum manganese. Med. Sci. Res., 16, 337–338.

Freeland–Graves, J., et al. 1987. “Manganese requirements of humans.” In Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese. ed. C. Keys. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.

Hallfrisch, J., et al. 1987. Mineral balances of men and women consuming high-fiber diets with complex or simple carbohydrate. J. Nutr., 117 (1), 48–55. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/117/1/48 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Strause, L., et al. 1987. The effect of deficiencies of manganese and copper on osteoinduction and on resorption of bone particles in rats. Calcif. Tissue Int., 41 (3), 145–150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3117341 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Strause, L., & Saltman, P. 1987. “Role of manganese in bone metabolism.” In Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese, ed. C. Keys. Washington, DC: Am. Chem. Soc.

Raloff, J. 1986. Reasons for boning up on manganese. [Review.] Science News, 130, 199.

Schwartz, R., et al. 1986. Apparent absorption and retention of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn from a diet containing bran. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 43 (3), 444–445. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/43/3/444 (accessed 05.13.2008).

Ricketts, C., et al. 1985. Manganese and magnesium utilization of humans as affected by level and kind of dietary fat. Fed. Proc., 44, 1850.

Molybdenum

Khandare, A., et al. 2005. Beneficial effect of copper supplementation on deposition of fluoride in bone in fluoride- and molybdenum-fed rabbits. Calcif. Tissue Int., 77 (4), 233-238. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16193231 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Parry, N., et al. 1993. Molybdenum-induced changes in the epiphyseal growth plate. Calcif. Tissue Int., 53 (3), 180–186. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8242470 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Nielsen, F. 1990. New essential trace elements for the life sciences. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 26–27, 599–611. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1704767 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Zaidi, M. 1990. Modularity of osteoclast behaviour and “mode-specific” inhibition of osteoclast function. Biosci. Rep., 10 (6), 547–556. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2085670 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Federy, P., et al. 1983. The effect of fluorine and molybdenum on some of the mechanical characteristics of the hard tissues in rats kept on a low and on a normal protein diet. J. Int. Assoc. Dent. Child., 14 (1), 9-14. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6581233 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Johnson, R., et al. 1969. Some effects of molybdenum on connective tissue. J. Dent. Res., 48 (6), 1290–1295. URL (PDF): http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/48/6/1290 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Jenkins, G. 1967. Molybdenum and dental caries. Brit. Dent. J., 122, 435-441, 500-503, & 545-550.

Van Reen, R., et al. 1967. Trace elements and dental caries: Molybdenum, aluminum, titanium. Helv. Odont. Acta, 11, 53–59.

Stookey, G., & Muhler, J. 1959. Effect of molybdenum on fluoride retention in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., 101, 379–380.

Adler, P. 1957. Experiments with albino rats upon the caries-protective effect of water-borne molybdenum. Odont. Rev., 8, 202–207.

Para–aminobenzoic acid

Xavier, S., 2006. The vitamin-like dietary supplement para-aminobenzoic acid enhances the antitumor activity of ionizing radiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 65 (2), 517–527. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690434 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Akberova, S. 2002. [New biological properties of p-aminobenzoic acid.] Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Biol. (4), 477–481. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180014 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Kluczyk, A., et al. 2002. Drug evolution: p-aminobenzoic acid as a building block. Curr. Med. Chem., 9 (21), 1871-1892. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12369873 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Drozd, N. 2000. [Antithrombotic activity of para-aminobenzoic acid.] Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 63 (3), 40–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10934595 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Akberova, S., et al. 1999. [Para-aminobenzoic acid — an interferon inducer.] Antibiot. Khimioter., 44 (4), 17–20. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483491 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Biberova, S., et al. 1998. [Para-aminobenzoic acid as an antioxidant.] Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 361 (3), 419-421. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9785016 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Maeda, Y., et al. 1989. The rapid evaluation of intestinal bacterial growth using a conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid with para-aminobenzoic acid. J. Pharmacobiodyn., 12 (5), 272-280. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2810016 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Gichner, T., & Velemínský, J. 1988. Inhibitory effects of para-aminobenzoic acid on the formation and mutagenicity of N-nitroso compounds. Mutagenesis, 3 (4), 329–331. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3062321 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Gichner T, et al. 1987. Antimutagenic effect of p-aminobenzoic acid on the mutagenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res., 192 (2), 95–98. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3309648 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Selenium

Jackson, M., & Combs, G. 2008. Selenium and anticarcinogenesis: Underlying mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 11 (6), 718–726. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18827575 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Schnabel, R., et al. 2008. Selenium supplementation improves antioxidant capacity in vitro and in vivo in patients with coronary artery disease. The Selenium Therapy in Coronary Artery disease Patients (SETCAP) Study. Am. Heart J., 156 (6), 1201: e1–11. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033020 (accessed 12.18.2008).

Stazi, A., & Trinti, B. 2008. Selenium deficiency in celiac disease: Risk of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Minerva Med., 99 (6), 643– 653. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034261 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Arnaud, J., et al. 2007. Factors associated with longitudinal plasma selenium decline in the elderly: the EVA study. J. Nutr. Biochem., 18 (7), 482–487. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17142028 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Beck, J., et al. 2007. Low serum selenium concentrations are associated with poor grip strength among older women living in the community. Biofactors, 29 (1), 37–44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611292 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Maggini, S., et al. 2007. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br. J. Nutr., 98 (Suppl. 1), S29–S35. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922955 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Semba, R., et al. 2006. Low serum selenium is associated with anemia among older women living in the community: The Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 112 (2), 97–107. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17028376 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Wintergerst, E., et al. 2007. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 51 (4), 301–323. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17726308 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Ray, A., et al. 2006. Low serum selenium and total carotenoids predict mortality among older women living in the community: The women’s health and aging studies. J. Nutr., 136 (1), 172–176. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/1/172 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Andriamanalijaona, R., et al. 2005. Comparative effects of 2 antioxidants, selenomethionine and epigallocatechin-gallate, on catabolic and anabolic gene expression of articular chondrocytes. J. Rheumatol., 32 (10), 1958–1967. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16206353 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Akbaraly, N., et al. 2005. Selenium and mortality in the elderly: Results from the EVA study. Clin. Chem., 51 (11), 2117–2123. URL: http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/11/2117 (accessed 12.22.2008).

Vanadium

Bordbar, A., et al. 2009. Calorimetric studies of the interaction between the insulin-enhancing drug candidate bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) and human serum apo-transferrin. J. Inorg. Biochem., 103 (4), 643–647. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056126 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Thompson, K., et al. 2009. Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: A view to the future. J. Inorg. Biochem., 103 (4), 554–558. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19162329 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Vardatsikos, G., et al. 2009. Bis (maltolato)-oxovanadium (IV)-induced phosphorylation of PKB, GSK-3 and FOXO1 contributes to its glucoregulatory responses (review). Int. J. Mol. Med., 24 (3), 303–309. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639221 (accessed 11.20.2009).

[No author listed.] 2009. Vanadium/vanadyl sulfate. Monograph. Alt. Med. Rev., 14 (2), 177–181. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/14/2/177.pdf (accessed 11.19.2009).

Jacques–Camarena, O., et al. 2008. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 53 (3–4), 195-198. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19033682 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mehdi, M., et al. 2006. Insulin signal mimicry as a mechanism for the vanadium. Cell Biochem. Biophys., 44 (1), 73–81. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456236 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mehdi, M., et al. 2006. Involvement of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor and protein kinase Cdelta in bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B in HepG2 cells. Biochemistry, 45 (38), 11605–11615. URL (abstract): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi060403x (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H., et al. 2006. Chemistry and biochemistry of insulin-mimetic vanadium and zinc complexes. Trial for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 79 (11), 1645–1664. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bcsj/79/11/1645/_pdf (accessed 11.19.2009).

Willsky, G., et al. 2006. Diabetes-altered gene expression in rat skeletal muscle corrected by oral administration of vanadyl sulfate. Physiol. Genomics, 26 (3), 192–201.URL: http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/26/3/192 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Mehdi, M., & Srivastava, A. 2005. Organo–vanadium compounds are potent activators of the protein kinase B signaling pathway and protein tyrosine phosphorylation: Mechanism of insulinomimesis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 440 (2), 158–164. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055077 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Srivastava, A., & Mehdi, M. 2005. Insulino-mimetic and anti-diabetic effects of vanadium compounds. Diab. Med., 22, 2–13.

Winter, C., et al. 2005. A nonspecific phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV), improves glucose tolerance and prevents diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Exp. Biol. Med., 230 (3), 207–216. URL: http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/230/3/207 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Heinemann, G., et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of vanadium in humans after intravenous administration of a vanadium containing albumin solution. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 55 (3), 241-245. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884224/?tool=pubmed (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H., et al. 2003. The therapeutic potential of insulin-mimetic vanadium complexes. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs., 12 (7), 1189–1203. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12831353 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Mohammad, A., et al. 2002. Bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) inhibits the activity of PTP1B in Zucker rat skeletal muscle in vivo. Mol. Cell Biochem., 229 (1–2), 125–128. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11936837 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Sakurai, H. 2002. A new concept: The use of vanadium complexes in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chem. Rec., 2 (4), 237–248. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12203906 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Bhattacharyya, S., & Tracey, A. 2001. Vanadium(V) complexes in enzyme systems: Aqueous chemistry, inhibition and molecular modeling in inhibitor design. J. Inorg. Biochem., 85 (1), 9-13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11377690 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cusi, K., et al. 2001. Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86 (3), 1410-1417. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/3/1410 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Marzban, L., et al. 2001. In vivo effects of insulin and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium (IV) on PKB activity in the skeletal muscle and liver of diabetic rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 223 (1–2), 147–157. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11681716 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Shafrir, E., et al. 2001. Treatment of diabetes with vanadium salts: General overview and amelioration of nutritionally induced diabetes in the Psammomys obesus gerbil. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 17 (1), 55–66. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11241892 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Wang, J., et al. 2001. Effect of vanadium on insulin sensitivity and appetite. Metabolism, 50 (6), 667–673. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11398143 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Wang, J., et al. 2001. Effect of vanadium on insulin and leptin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Mol. Cell Biochem., 218 (1–2), 93–96. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330843 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Beliaeva, N., et al. 2000. [Vanadium compounds — a new class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.] Vopr. Med. Khim., 46 (4), 344–360. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cam, M., et al. 2000. Mechanisms of vanadium action: Insulin-mimetic or insulin-enhancing agent? Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 78 (10), 829–847. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11077984 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Goldfine, A., et al. 2000. Metabolic effects of vanadyl sulfate in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: in vivo and in vitro studies. Metabolism, 49 (3), 400–410. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10726921 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Badmaev, V., et al. 1999. Vanadium: A review of its potential role in the fight against diabetes. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 5 (3), 273-291. Review. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381252 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Barceloux, D. 1999. Vanadium. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37 (2), 265-278. Review. [Erratum in: J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 2000;38(7):813.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10382561 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Pandey, S., et al. 1999. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase requirement in activation of the ras/C-raf-1/MEK/ERK and p70(s6k) signaling cascade by the insulinomimetic agent vanadyl sulfate. Biochemistry, 38 (44), 14667–14675. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545192 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Thompson, K. 1999. Vanadium and diabetes. Biofactors, 10 (1), 43–51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10475589 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Pandey, S., et al. 1998. Vanadyl sulfate-stimulated glycogen synthesis is associated with activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and is independent of insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Biochemistry, 37 (19), 7006–7014. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9578588 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Poucheret, P., et al. 1998. Vanadium and diabetes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 188 (1–2), 73–80. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9823013 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Verma, S., et al. 1998. Nutritional factors that can favorably influence the glucose/insulin system: Vanadium. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 17 (1), 11-18. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/17/1/11 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Yuen, V., et al. 1997. Effects of bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) are distinct from food restriction in STZ-diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol., 272 (1 Pt. 1), E30–E35. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9038848 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Boden, G., et al. 1996. Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 45 (9), 1130-1135. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8781301 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Halberstam, M., et al. 1996. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM but not in obese nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes, 45 (5), 659-666. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621019 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Sekar, N., et al. 1996. Vanadium salts as insulin substitutes: Mechanisms of action, a scientific and therapeutic tool in diabetes mellitus research. Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 31 (5–6), 339–359. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Bosia, S., et al. 1995. [Protective effect on nephropathy and on cataract in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat of the vanadium-lazaroid combination.] G. Ital. Med. Lav., 17 (1–6), 71-75. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Brichard, S., & Henquin, J. 1995. The role of vanadium in the management of diabetes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 16 (8), 265-270. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11075417 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Cohen, N., et al. 1995. Oral vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest., 95 (6), 2501-2509. URL: http://www.jci.org/articles/view/117951 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Hamel, F., & Duckworth, W. 1995. The relationship between insulin and vanadium metabolism in insulin target tissues. Mol. Cell Biochem., 153 (1–2), 95–102. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8927053 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Yuen, V., et al. 1995. Comparison of the glucose-lowering properties of vanadyl sulfate and bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) following acute and chronic administration. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 73 (1), 55-64. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7600453 (acccessed 11.20.2009).

Cam, M., et al. 1993. In vivo antidiabetic actions of naglivan, an organic vanadyl compound in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 20 (2), 111–121. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8375263 (accessed 11.19.2009).

Funakoshi, T., et al. 1992. Anticoagulant action of vanadate. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 40 (1), 174-176. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1576669 (accessed 11.20.2009).

Zinc

Nielsen, F. 2008. Marginal zinc deficiency increases magnesium retention and impairs calcium utilization in rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 128 (3), 220–231. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19002387 (accessed 12.11.2008).

Hyun, T., et al. 2004. Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (3), 715–721. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/715 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Gür, A., et al. 2002. The role of trace minerals in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and a new effect of calcitonin. J. Bone Miner. Metab., 20 (1), 39–43. URL ( abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11810415 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Lowe N., et al. 2002. Is there a potential therapeutic value of copper and zinc for osteoporosis? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61 (2), 181–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133199 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Kugelmas, M. 2000. Preliminary observation: Oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19 (1), 13–15. URL: http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/13 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Elmståhl, S., et al. 1998. Increased incidence of fractures in middle-aged and elderly men with low intakes of phosphorus and zinc. Osteoporos. Int., 8 (4), 333–340. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024903 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1998. Role of zinc in bone formation and bone resorption. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med., 11, 119–35. URL (abstract): http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/37471/abstract (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., & Kishi, S. 1996. Zinc compounds inhibit osteoclast-like cell formation at the earlier stage of rat marrow culture but not osteoclast function. Mol. Cell Biochem., 158 (2), 171–177. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8817479 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Relea, P., et al. 1995. Zinc, biochemical markers of nutrition, and type I osteoporosis. Age Ageing, 24 (4), 303–307. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7484487 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1995. Beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc and bone resorption. Gen. Pharmacol., 26 (6), 1179–1183. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7590105 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Saltman, P., & Strause, L. 1993. The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 384–389. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409100 (accessed 12.09.2008).

Yamaguchi, M. 1992. The role of zinc as an activator of bone formation. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), Spec. No., 522–525. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1297802 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., & Kitajima, T. 1991. Effect of estrogen on bone metabolism in tissue culture: Enhancement of the steroid effect by zinc. Res. Exp. Med. (Berl.), 191 (2), 145–154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1297802 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Herzberg, M., et al. 1990. Zinc excretion in osteoporotic women. J. Bone Miner. Res., 5 (3), 251–257. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2333784 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Wallwork, J., & Sandstead, H. 1990. Zinc. In: Simmons D., ed. Nutrition and bone development, 316–339. NY: Oxford University Press.

Yamaguchi, M., & Matsui, R. 1989. Effect of dipicolinate, a chelator of zinc, on bone protein synthesis in tissue culture. The essential role of zinc. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38 (24), 4485–4489. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2604749 (accessed 12.21.2008)/

Yamaguchi, M., & Oishi, H. 1989. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on bone metabolism in tissue culture. Enhancement of the steroid effect by zinc. Biochem. Pharmacol., 38 (20), 3453–3459. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818636 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Angus, R., et al. 1988. Dietary intake and bone mineral density. Bone Miner., 4 (3), 265–277. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3191284 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Yamaguchi, M., et al. 1987. Stimulatory effect of zinc on bone formation in tissue culture. Biochem. Pharmacol., 36 (22), 4007–4012. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3689432 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Freudenheim, J., et al. 1986. Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone mineral content of women 35–65 years of age: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 44 (6), 863–876. URL (abstract): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/44/6/863 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Atik, O. 1983. Zinc and senile osteoporosis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 31 (12), 790–791. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6655182 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Dreosti, I. 1980. Trace elements in nutrition. Med. J. Aust., 2 (3), 117–123. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7421677 (accessed 12.19.2008).

Alhava, E., et al. 1977. Zinc content of human cancellous bone. Acta Orthop. Scand., 48 (1), 1–4. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/868476 (accessed 12.21.2008).

Calhoun, N., et al. 1974. The role of zinc in bone metabolism. Clin. Orthop. (103), 212–234. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4213480 (accessed 12.21.2008).

WheySational^™

Description

Supplement facts

References

Our exclusive protein-packed shake — with chromium picolinate, CLA and white kidney bean extract

If you are weight loss resistant, it’s hard to find foods that both support your efforts and satisfy your craving for something tasty. One of the keys to successful weight loss is having a go-to shake that’s filling, protein-dense, and easy to prepare.

What is WheySational?

WheySational is the result of our intensive research to find the most health-supporting ingredients for a between-meal treat that gives you the taste and texture you’re looking for in a shake, along with the protein your body craves. With whey protein derived from wholesome milk, our natural WheySational formula also contains cutting-edge components that support your body effectively during the weight loss process.

Our exclusive WheySational is the only shake formula with this powerful combination of weight-loss supporting ingredients. It comes in both naturally-flavored chocolate and vanilla, and in addition to whey protein, it contains these advanced nutrients:

Chromium picolinate — a compound that helps balance glucose in the body and maintain efficient insulin activity.
Conjugated linoleic acid complex — better known as CLA, this compound supports optimal body composition by helping maintain the body’s most favorable fat-to-lean ratio.
White kidney bean extract — this plant-derived ingredient slows enzymatic metabolism and absorption of carbohydrates, and also reduces the speed of enzymatic digestion of starches and sugars.
Green tea leaf extract — taken from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, this botanical derivative helps stimulate calorie-burning and decreases body fat, while it contributes to optimal metabolism and weight loss.
L-Carnitine — as the biologically active form of carnitine, this compound supports energy formation and active metabolism while it assists the transport of fatty acids from the blood into the cells for energy production.
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus – these probiotic strains promote better absorption of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. They also aid in reducing bloating and gas.

WheySational can:

Help satisfy your cravings with ample protein and natural flavorings.
Contribute to improved glucose balance and insulin metabolism.
Work with your metabolism to support energy production.
Support optimal body composition, including the ratio of body fat to lean body mass.

WheySational contains absolutely no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, dyes, or coloring of any kind. Each production batch is laboratory-assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard used for pharmaceutical drugs.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s WheySational is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, represent a sampling of the research on the constituents of WheySational.

WheySational Claims

KEY to the numerals preceding references, denoting the following claims:

A. Efficacy

1. Provides nutritional support for healthy metabolism.
2. When used in conjunction with a calorically-contained diet (or healthy diet) and exercise, naturally supports a healthy body composition and weight, as well as healthy weight loss.
3. Provides a low glycemic load to encourage healthy insulin function.
4. Assists in reducing food cravings.
5. Helps build lean muscle mass.

B. Safety

C. Other

Chromium (as chromium picolinate)
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
Phaseolus vulgaris (white kidney bean, extract)
Camellia sinensis (green tea, leaf)
L-carnitine (as L-carnitine L-tartrate)
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Bifidobacterium bifidus
Whey protein
Guar gum

References

Chromium

A1, A3 Sharma, S., et al. 2011. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on glucose, HbA(1)C and lipid variables in individuals with newly onset type-2 diabetes. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. [Epub ahead of print] URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570271 (accessed 06.20.2011).

A1, C Albarracin, C., et al. 2008. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination improves glucose metabolism in treated, uncontrolled overweight to obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 24 (1), 41-51. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506119 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4 Anton, S., et al. 2008. Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 10 (5), 405-412. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753428/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.25.2011).

C Lukaski, H., et al. 2007. Chromium picolinate supplementation in women: Effects on body weight, composition, and iron status. Nutrition, 23 (3), 187-195. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291720 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3, C Broadhurst, C., & Domenico, P. 2006. Clinical studies on chromium picolinate supplementation in diabetes mellitus — a review. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 677-687. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109600 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Singer, G., & Geohas, J. 2006. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial. Diabetes Technol. Ther., 8 (6), 636-643. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109595 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Wang, Z., et al. 2006. Chromium picolinate enhances skeletal muscle cellular insulin signaling in vivo in obese, insulin-resistant JCR:LA-cp rats. J. Nutr., 136 (2), 415-420. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/2/415.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4, C Docherty, J., et al. 2005. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: Effect on carbohydrate craving. J. Psychiatr. Pract., 11 (5), 302-314. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184071 (accessed 10.25.2011).

B, C Vincent, J. 2003. The potential value and toxicity of chromium picolinate as a nutritional supplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med., 33 (3), 213-230. URL (abstract): (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3, C Cefalu, W., et al. 2002. Oral chromium picolinate improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and enhances skeletal muscle Glut-4 translocation in obese, hyperinsulinemic (JCR-LA corpulent) rats. J. Nutr., 132 (6), 1107–1114. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/132/6/1107.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

Conjugated linoleic acid

A2, A5, B Thom, E., et al. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans. J. Int. Med. Res., 29 (5), 392-396. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11725826 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Pinkoski, C., et al. 2006. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 38 (2), 339-348. URL (abstract): (accessed 10.25.2011).

Gaullier JM et al. “Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans.” J Nutr. 2005;135:778-84. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).

Racine NM et al. “Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1157-64. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).

A2, A4, B, C Watras, A., et al. 2007. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain. Int. J. Obes. (Lond)., 31 (3), 481-487. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16924272 (accessed 10.31.2011).

Haugen, M., & Alexander, J. 2004. [Can linoleic acids in conjugated CLA products reduce overweight problems?]. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen, 124 (23), 3051-3054. URL: http://tidsskriftet.no/article/1110144 (accessed 10.31.2011).

C Larsen, T., et al. 2006. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83 (3), 606-612. URL http://www.ajcn.org/content/83/3/606.long (accessed 10.31.2011).

Terpstra, A. 2004. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: An overview of the literature. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (3), 352-361. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/content/79/3/352.full (accessed 10.31.2011).

B, C Whigham, L., et al. 2004. Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans. Food Chem. Toxicol., 42 (10), 1701–1709. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15354322 (accessed 10.31.2011).

A4, C Kamphuis, M., et al. 2003. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57 (10), 1268-1274. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14506488 (accessed 10.31.2011).

A1–A2, C Kamphuis, M., et al. 2003. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 27 (7), 840–847. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12821971 (accessed 10.31.2011).

C Kreiger, R., et al. 2002. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers. J. Strength Cond. Res., 16 (3), 325–334. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12173945 (accessed 10.31.2011).

Phaseolus vulgaris (white kidney bean)

A1 Dominika, Ś., et al. 2011. The study on the impact of glycated pea proteins on human intestinal bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 145 (1), 267-272. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21276631 (accessed 10.18.2011).

B, C Geraedts, M., et al. 2011. Intraduodenal administration of intact pea protein effectively reduces food intake in both lean and obese male subjects. PLoS One, 6 (9), e24878. URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024878 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A3–4 Häberer, D., et al. 2011. Intragastric infusion of pea-protein hydrolysate reduces test-meal size in rats more than pea protein. Physiol. Behav., 104 (5), 1041–1047. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21763707 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Li, H., et al. 2011. Blood pressure lowering effect of a pea protein hydrolysate in hypertensive rats and humans. J. Ag. Food Chem., 59 (18), 9854–9860. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854068 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, A3 Marinangeli, C., & Jones, P. 2011. Whole and fractionated yellow pea flours reduce fasting insulin and insulin resistance in hypercholesterolaemic and overweight human subjects. Br. J. Nutr., 105 (1), 110-117. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807459 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1 Ndiaye, F., et al. 2011. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from yellow field pea seeds. Eur. J. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21442413 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A2–4 Geraedts, M., et al. 2010. Release of satiety hormones in response to specific dietary proteins is different between human and murine small intestinal mucosa. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 56 (4), 308–313. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530962 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Rigamonti, E., et al. 2010. Hypolipidemic effect of dietary pea proteins: Impact on genes regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 54 (Suppl. 1), S24-S30. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20077421 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1 Swiatecka, D., et al. 2010. Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free-swimming and immobilised bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90 (11), 1837-1845. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549652 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A4 Diepvens, K., et al. 2008. Different proteins and biopeptides differently affect satiety and anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones in healthy humans. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.), 32, 510–518. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345020 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, C Spielmann, J., et al. 2008. Dietary pea protein stimulates bile acid excretion and lowers hepatic cholesterol concentration in rats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)., 92 (6), 683-693. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19012614 (accessed 10.18.2011).

X Whelan, K., et al. 2006. Appetite during consumption of enteral formula as a sole source of nutrition: The effect of supplementing pea-fibre and fructo-oligosaccharides. Br. J. Nutr., 96 (2), 350-356. URL: http://www.limnology-journal.org/download.php?file=%2FBJN%2FBJN96_02%2FS0007114506002133a.pdf&code=d63461b479aa85362cf84720c13bb8d5 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Camellia sinensis (green tea, leaf)

A2 Brown, A., et al. 2011. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: A randomised controlled cross-over trial. Br. J. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21736785 (accessed 10.21.2011).

C Jeukendrup, A., & Randell, R. 2011. Fat burners: Nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism. Obes. Rev., 12 (10), 841-851. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951331 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A3 Sae-tan, S., et al. 2011. Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol. Res., 64 (2), 146-154. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193040 (accessed 10.21.2011).

x Reinbach, H., et al. 2009. Effects of capsaicin, green tea and CH-19 sweet pepper on appetite and energy intake in humans in negative and positive energy balance. Clin. Nutr., 28 (3), 260-265. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.21.2011).

A1–A3 Bose, M., et al. 2008. The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J. Nutr., 138 (9), 1677-83. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/9/1677.long (accessed 10.21.2011).

Boschmann M and Thielecke F. “The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot study.” J Am Coll Nutr. 2007 Aug;26(4):389S-395S.

Belza A, Jessen AB. “Bioactive food stimulants of sympathetic activity: effect on 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation.” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jun;59(6):733-41.

A1–A3 Kovacs, E., et al. 2004. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br. J. Nutr,. 91, 431–437. [CrossRef][Medline]

A1–A3 Nagao, T., et al. 2005. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:122–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

A1–A3 Rumpler W, Seale J, Clevidence B, Judd J, Wiley E, Yamamoto S, Komatsu T, Sawaki T, Ishikura Y, et al. Oolong tea increases metabolic rate and fat oxidation in men. J Nutr. 2001;131:2848–52.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Dulloo AG et al. “Green tea and thermogenesis: interactions between catechin-polyphenols, caffeine and sympathetic activity.” Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Feb;24(2):252-8.

Dulloo AG et al. “Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5.

L-carnitine

Wall BT et al. (2011). J Physiol 589(4):963–973

Ho JY et al. (2010). Metab 59:1190–1199

B, C Pękala, J., et al. 2011. L-Carnitine — metabolic functions and meaning in humans’ life. Curr. Drug Metab. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561431 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, C Kraemer, W., et al. 2008. L-carnitine supplementation: influence upon physiological function. Curr. Sports Med. Rep., 7 (4), 218-223. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18607224 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Spiering BA et al. (2008). J. Strength Cond Res 22(4):1130–1135

Volek JS et al. (2008). Am J Cardiol 102:1413–1417

World Health Organization (2007). www.who.int/features/factfiles/ageing/en/index.html

Spiering BA et al. (2007). J Strength Cond Res 21(1):259–264

Kraemer WJ et al. (2006). Med Sci Sports Exerc 38(7):1288-1296

A1, C Benvenga, S. 2005. Effects of L-carnitine on thyroid hormone metabolism and on physical exercise tolerance. Horm. Metab. Res., 37 (9), 566-571. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16175496 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Kraemer WJ et al. (2005). Chemical Monthly 136:1383–1390

LeBlanc PJ et al. (2004). J Appl Physiol 97:2148–2153

Steiber A et al. (2004). Mol Aspects Med 2 (5-6):455–473

Kraemer WJ et al. (2003). J Strength Cond Res 17(3):455–462

Volek JS et al. (2002). Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E474

Van Loon et al. (2001). J Physiol 536(1):295–304

C Villani, R., et al. 2000. L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 10 (2), 199-207.

Nüesch R et al. (1999). Drugs Exptl Clin Res 25(4):167–171

Luppa D et al (1996). In: Seim H & Loster H (eds): Carnitine – Pathobiochemical Basics and Clinical Applications. Ponte Press, Germany

Hülsmann WC & Dubelaar ML (1992). Mol Cell Biochem 116:125–129

Arenas J et al. (1991). Muscle and Nerve 14:598–604

Bremer J (1990). J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 28(5):297–301

Cerretelli P et al. (1990). Int J Sports Med 11:1–14

Bremer J (1983). Physiol Rev 63:1420-1480

Suzuki M et al. (1976). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 22:169–174

Lactobacillus acidophilus

C Delzenne, N., et al. 2011. Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic properties: consequences for host health in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Microb. Cell Fact., 10 (Suppl. 1), S10. URL: http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/10/S1/S10 (accessed 10.27.2011).

x Di Felippo, C., et al. 2011. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

C Maslowski, K., & Mackay, C. 2011. Diet, gut microbiotia and immune responses. Nat. Immun., 12 (1), 5–9. URL: http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v12/n1/full/ni0111-5.html (accessed 12.20.2010).

C McNulty, et al. 2011. The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins. Sci. Translat. Med., 3 (106), 106ra106. URL (abstract): http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/3/106/106ra106 (accessed 10.27.2011).

C Swiatecka, D., et al. 2010. Impact of glycated pea proteins on the activity of free-swimming and immobilised bacteria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90 (11), 1837-1845. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20549652 (accessed 10.18.2011).

C Turnbaugh, P., et al. 2009. The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci. Transl. Med., 1 (6), 6ra14. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894525/?tool=pubmed (accessed 11.12.2009).

Bifidobacterium bifidus

C Maslowski, K., & Mackay, C. 2011. Diet, gut microbiotia and immune responses. Nat. Immun., 12 (1), 5–9. URL: http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v12/n1/full/ni0111-5.html (accessed 12.20.2010).

Whey protein

x Acheson, K., et al. 2011. Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 93 (3), 525-534. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228266 (accessed 10.25.2011).

Baer, D., et al. 2011. Whey protein but not soy protein supplementation alters body weight and composition in free-living overweight and obese adults. J. Nutr., 141 (8), 1489-1494. URL (abstract): http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2011/06/15/jn.111.139840.abstract (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A4 Geraedts, M., et al. 2011. Intraduodenal administration of intact pea protein effectively reduces food intake in both lean and obese male subjects. PLoS One, 6 (9), e24878. URL: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0024878 (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1, A3, A5 Graf, S., et al. 2011. Effects of whey protein supplements on metabolism: Evidence from human intervention studies. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 14 (6), 569-580. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21912246 (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Josse, A., et al. 2011. Increased consumption of dairy foods and protein during diet-and exercise-induced weight loss promotes fat mass loss and lean mass gain in overweight and obese premenopausal women. J. Nutr., 141 (8), 1626–1634. URL: xxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A3 Pal, S., et al. 2010. Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals. Br. J. Nutr., 104 (5), 716-723. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20377924 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–2, A5 Walker, T., et al. 2010. The influence of 8 weeks of whey-protein and leucine supplementation on physical and cognitive performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 20 (5), 409-417. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975109 (accessed 11.09.2010).

A1–2, A5 Hayes, A., & Cribb, P. 2008. Effect of whey protein isolate on strength, body composition and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 11 (1), 40-44. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090657 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1–A3, A5 Katsanos, C., et al. 2008. Whey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res., 28 (10), 651-658. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612691/?tool=pubmed (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Wyatt, H., et al. 2008. Weight loss in a community initiative that promotes decreased energy intake and increased physical activity and dairy consumption: Calcium Weighs-In. J. Phys. Act. Health, 5 (1), 28-44. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Hollis, J., & Mattes, R. 2007. Effect of increased dairy consumption on appetitive ratings and food intake. Obesity, 15 (6), 1520-1526. Erratum in: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Oct;15(10):2520. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Bowen, J., et al. 2006. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2913–2919. URL: (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

x Burton-Freedom, B. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is not critical to whey-induced satiety, but may have a unique role in energy intake regulation through cholecystokinin (CCK). Physiol. Behav., 93 (1-2), 379-387. URL (abstract): xxxxxxxxxxxxx (accessed 10.25.2011).

A2, A5 Cribb, P., et al. 2006. The effect of whey isolate and resistance training on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 16 (5), 494-509. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18090657 (accessed 10.25.2011).

A4, B Bowen, J., et al. 2006. Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2913-2919. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/91/8/2913.long (accessed 10.18.2011).

A1–2, A5 Phillips, S., et al. 2005. Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 24 (2), 134S-139S. URL: http://www.jacn.org/content/24/2/134S.long (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A5 Dangin, M., et al. 2003. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J. Physiol., 549, 635–644. URL: http://jp.physoc.org/content/549/2/635.full (accessed 10.25.2011).

A1, A5 Dangin, M., et al. 2001. The digestion rate of protein is an independent regulating factor of postprandial protein retention. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 280 (2), E340–E348. URL: http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/280/2/E340.full (accessed 10.25.2011).

Guar gum

x Lyly, M., et al. 2009. Fibre in beverages can enhance perceived satiety. Eur. J. Nutr., 48 (4), 251-258. URL (abstract): x (accessed 10.25.2011).

5-HTP

Description

Supplement facts

References

What is 5-HTP?

5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) is a naturally occurring amino acid, a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin. Research has shown that 5‐HTP is well absorbed into the blood when taken orally and effectively increases the central nervous system’s serotonin production.

Women to Women’s 5-HTP contains a natural source of L-5-Hydroxytryptophan which is extracted from the seeds of the Griffonia plant. We’ve encapsulated our 5-HTP to ensure optimal absorption. Adding 5-HTP to your Personal Program can help regulate the systems responsible for emotional well-being, help control appetite, and promote satiety.

Our 5-HTP is vegetarian and made from all natural ingredients. It is manufactured in a facility validated by the NSF to meet or exceed all government regulations for good manufacturing processes (the FDA’s GMPs). Each production batch is laboratory - assayed to ensure quality - the same rigorous standard that is used for pharmaceutical drugs.

If you would like more information on the clinical basis for using Women to Women’s 5-HTP please click here for a list of clinical studies and articles. For more information on our manufacturing partners, please call us at 1-800-798-7902, or e-mail us at personalprogram@womentowomen.com.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Product References

Women to Women’s 5-HTP is doctor-formulated to be complete, natural, bioavailable, and manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged in order of recency, substantiate the preventative and clinical basis for using Women to Women’s 5-HTP.

References

Bagdy, G., et al. 2007. Serotonin and epilepsy. J. Neurochem., 100 (4), 857–873. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212700 (accessed 10.07.2008).

Halford, J., et al. 2007. Serotonergic drugs: Effects on appetite expression and use for the treatment of obesity. Drugs, 67 (1), 27–55. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209663 (accessed 10.07.2008).

Longatti, P., et al. 2007. A study of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 infection using a neuroendoscopic technique. Curr. HIV Res., 5 (2), 267-272. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346140 (accessed 10.07.2008).

van den Berg, G., et al. 2007. [Cushing’s syndrome: New diagnostic developments and new treatments]. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd., 151 (5), 330. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17326480.

Eriksson, O., et al. 2006. Mood changes correlate to changes in brain serotonin precursor trapping in women with premenstrual dysphoria. Psychiatry Res., 146 (2), 107-116. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16515859 (accessed 10.07.2008).

Lowe, S., et al. 2006. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan augments the neuroendocrine response to a SSRI. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31 (4), 473-484. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16378695 (accessed 09.29.2008).

Sandyk, R. 2006. Serotonergic mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int. J. Neurosci., 116 (7), 775–826. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16861147 (accessed 09.29.2008).

Turner, E., et al. 2006. Serotonin a la carte: Supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. Pharmacol. Ther., 109 (3), 325–338. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023217 (accessed 09.02.2008).

Curcio, J. et al. 2005. The potential of 5-hydryoxytryptophan for hot flash reduction: a hypothesis. Altern. Med. Rev., 10 (3), 216-221. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561634.

Meolie, A., et al. 2005. Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: An evaluation of products with limited evidence. J. Clin. Sleep Med., 1 (2), 173-187.URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561634 (accessed 10.01.2008).

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Enriched eating plan & menus

Description

Our approach to healthy living shows you how to use food as medicine

This is a simple but complete guide for transforming your diet, including meal plans, recipes, cooking and shopping secrets. Also included is guidance for improving physical and emotional wellness, and tips for supporting your body’s natural detoxification processes.

When women go to their doctors for help with symptoms, instead of being counseled to change their diets, many women may leave with prescriptions for medications.

But pills only treat the symptoms that result from poor nutrition, not their underlying causes.

From our years of experience, we know that women can change what they eat — they just need the right guidance, support, and information. That’s exactly what we provide in our Personal Program.

Your diet matters for two reasons. First, food is the best medicine — it’s the least expensive, most effective, and has the fewest side effects. Second, diet is always one of the root causes of hormonal imbalance which can cause so many symptoms. You should know that you can’t balance your hormones without balancing your diet.

We’re successful at helping women change what they eat, both at the clinic and in the Personal Program. And there’s a simple secret to our success: we ask you to follow the diet strictly for just two weeks.

After only two weeks, you’ll become a believer. You’ll feel much better, with more energy, more balanced moods, fewer hot flashes (sometimes none!), and reduced symptoms across the board. That will give you the motivation, strength and commitment to stay with it until your symptoms disappear. You’ll prove to yourself that your nutrition affects your own hormonal balance. After that you’ll be able to follow the 80/20 rule — when you follow the plan 80% of the time, you can give yourself more freedom the other 20% — and you’ll still feel great.

We make it all easy for you. Our Guide includes:

A 30-day meal plan.
Recipes you can fix in just 30-45 minutes — breakfast, snacks, lunch, and dinner.
Secrets for dealing with the obstacles that can pop up as you begin to eat in a healthy way most of the time.
Tips for shopping, food preparation, eating out, and cooking for your family.

Our dietary plan is based on over 25 years of clinical experience and combines the latest scientific developments regarding the links between nutrition and insulin metabolism, adrenal fatigue, food sensitivities, inflammation, and weight gain.

Our approach isn’t just based on numbers, or on what works in our clinical practice or for the thousands of women who’ve joined the Personal Program. It’s also based on our own personal experience and how we handle our own diets as well as feeding our families.

That’s why we know it will work for you, too.

PMS Quick Start Guide

Description

Our approach to reducing PMS symptoms naturally with targeted food and lifestyle strategies to create wellness

This Quick Start Guide is just that: a fast and easy-to-follow plan that can help jumpstart your body’s ability to reduce PMS symptoms. You’ll find out how to create the conditions for a better monthly cycle with fewer days lost to symptoms. We provide the right diet guidance, specific lifestyle tips and an enriched eating plan, recipes and menus — all specifically selected for women with PMS.

You can transform your diet with our tasty and simple meal plans, recipes, cooking and shopping secrets. And you’ll see how to support those changes by improving your physical and emotional wellness, and by supporting your body’s natural detoxification processes.

We know that for many women with PMS, conventional medicine has not offered satisfactory solutions, whether it’s prescribing drugs they don’t want, or by simply dismissing their symptoms altogether. But, we’ve spent the past 25 years listening to women with PMS, and working with them one-on-one to find the right combination of supplements, diet and lifestyle adjustments and support.

Haven’t you spent enough time on the sidelines?

If you think it’s impossible to change your PMS experience, we’re here to tell you that, in fact, you can! As women just like you, we know that by getting started today, you have the opportunity to make next month different, with fewer PMS symptoms and better wellness.

With this plan, you’ll see improvements that may surprise and empower you. And as you go forward, you’ll better understand how your body works. You’ll learn how to give your body just what it needs every day to become PMS-symptom free. And you’ll see how much better life can be every month.

Thyroid-friendly Diet and Lifestyle Guide

Description

Our Guide shows you how to restore and maintain thyroid balance using a combination approach

This step-by-step guide is your road map to supporting thyroid health using simple elements like diet, exercise, and lifestyle adjustments. With these tools, you can successfully — and naturally — relieve the symptoms that brought you here in the first place, and you’ll put yourself back on track to achieve your wellness goals

Thyroid-specific flexible eating plan — easy to use

We've always said that food is the best medicine — its healing powers are inexpensive, effective, and they have the fewest side effects. Even more important, the food you eat is intimately involved in your thyroid health and it’s a major part of finding your best weight. A few simple alterations, including knowing which foods to avoid, can make a big difference in how you feel and look now, and over time.

Our unique diet plan has:

Mix and match selections to create tasty, satisfying meals and snacks
Directions for preparing foods to make them more thyroid-friendly
Tips to help incorporate the plan into your life

Exercising for thyroid health

Physical movement and fitness are an essential part of overall wellness, and they matter when it comes to maintaining your thyroid health too. Our guidelines will point you towards a practical fitness routine that supports healthy thyroid function, without going overboard.

Key lifestyle tips

Learning how to live a thyroid-supporting lifestyle is just a matter of finding the right information and guidance. We get you started with our practical ideas for increasing the amount of rest you get, reducing your stress level, and improving your emotional well-being.

Our approach to thyroid health is based on what works in our clinical practice as well as what we’ve learned through our own personal experience adjusting our own diets and lifestyles. That’s why we know it will work for you, too.

Are You Tired & Wired?

Description

Your proven program for overcoming adrenal fatigue and feeling fantastic again

We are being swept up in an epidemic of fatigue that’s affecting huge numbers of women. They’re overwhelmed and overstressed, and so exhausted that fatigue feels as if it has taken over their lives. So women reach for coffee, soda, or energy drinks — anything packed with caffeine and sugar — to jolt them awake in the morning and to perk them up in the afternoon.

But the fact is, women still suffer through their days feeling irritable and anxious. Often they have additional symptoms that deeply affect their quality of life— insomnia, forgetfulness, and nearly uncontrollable cravings for sweets.

The adrenal connection

Uncovering and healing the root cause of fatigue is the focus of Marcelle Pick’s book, Are You Tired and Wired? Marcelle combines the latest adrenal-based research with the insights she’s gained from her years of clinical experience as a women’s health practitioner.

Using her customary wisdom and compassion, Marcelle recounts the struggles suffered by real women as they grapple with this issue. She constructs a simple plan to restore adrenal balance, relieve symptoms, re-gear metabolism, and regain natural energy.

The centerpiece of this book is a 30-Day Adrenal-friendly Eating Plan which contains an easy-to-follow, flexible menu plan with recipes to ensure you are able to reduce unnecessary burdens from your diet as you heal. In addition, it is packed full of tips for successful exercising and de-stressing so you can create a healthy, adrenal-supporting lifestyle.

Following the plan laid out in this book for just 30 days can put you squarely on the path to becoming a better you — calm, rested, and naturally energized.

Eating plan and lifestyle guidelines

Description

Strengthen your bones naturally using your body’s innate healing power

Our New Member e-Guide for the Personal Program for Better Bones is your road map to natural bone health and true wellness. Delivered electronically, our e-guide will help you support and maintain your own body’s built-in repair mechanisms with easy-to-follow lifestyle and diet guidelines, recipes, a flexible eating plan, and tips for making the most of your Program.

Throughout your life, your bones are capable of healing themselves when they’re injured or even when they wear out. This extraordinary capability allows your bones to continue healing and repairing even as you age. But as you get older, the cumulative effect of long-term nutritional, hormonal, and lifestyle burdens can cause your body to shift out of its optimal balance which can have profound effects on your bones over many years.

Why diet and lifestyle matter to your bones

Remarkably, when you restore balance, your bones respond quickly — no matter how old you are. Osteoporosis can be halted and bone strength restored simply by making sure your body has the tools it needs to restore balance. Physical movement and exercise, particularly weight bearing, are essential, as is attention to your diet.

The theory behind our dietary plan combines the latest science on the links between pH balance and bone loss. It also focuses on the key nutrients necessary for building strong, healthy bones, and reducing the physical and emotional burdens in your life. Many women are surprised to learn just how much the food you eat can strengthen bones.

It’s critically important to eat in such a way that helps reduce or eliminate diet-related acidity which literally dissolves bone. You can offset much of this acidity and strengthen your bones by eating an alkaline diet rich in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and whole grains.

Diet specifics

We've been extremely successful at helping women adjust what they eat, both at the Center for Better Bones and in our Personal Program and we start by asking you to follow the diet for 30 days. After that, you’ll be a believer. You’ll feel better, with more energy, balanced moods, better balance and muscle strength — and many of your aches and pains will start to decrease.

These improvements will give you the strength and commitment to stay on track and give your bones a chance to fully heal. You’ll know just how much your nutrition affects your physical well-being and will be able to move into the next phase when you can follow the 80/20 rule — follow the plan 80% of the time, and don’t worry about the other 20%. You’ll be eating to support your bones and will still feel great, with a little more flexibility in your diet.

We make it very easy with our 30-day flexible eating plan and recipes that you can fix in 30–45 minutes. You’ll also get extra ideas on how to cook for your family and eat in restaurants, and how to manage any other obstacles that pop up.

The whole plan is based on the Better Bones, Better Body® program, developed by Dr. Susan E. Brown, PhD and used at the Center for Better Bones for over 20 years to help thousands of women regain their bone health.

We know it will work for you, too.

The Core Balance Diet

Description

The Core Balance Diet is a breakthrough book that shows you how to restore your body’s equilibrium so you can overcome the obstacles that have been interfering with your ability to lose weight. This best-seller serves as a practical roadmap that helps women identify their own personal barriers to weight loss. Then it carefully lays out individualized approaches to making effective changes so you can finally achieve your ideal weight.

With her engaging style, Marcelle Pick, co-founder of the Women to Women Clinic and contributor to womentowomen.com, explains how many of your established lifestyle and diet patterns, along with certain biochemical imbalances, can contribute to weight loss resistance. She details how these factors can lead to weight gain and shows you how to make effective adjustments in your daily life. Combining cutting-edge natural methods with her tried-and-true advice, Marcelle shares the wisdom she’s acquired from more than 25 years of helping women lose weight.

Special weight loss resistance sections

By following this book’s customized program, you can set yourself up to recover the balance your body needs in order to shed your additional pounds once and for all. Using this plan, you’ll enjoy delicious recipes made from whole foods that give your body the nutrition and support it needs. At the same time, you’ll start to explore underlying issues and emotional patterns that may be getting in your way, as Marcelle connects self-care with self-awareness to show you the way to lasting weight loss and wellness.

The Core Balance Diet represents an entirely new chapter in weight loss, proving that when you work with your body — not against it — you can achieve your best weight. You’ll discover which foods and practices are best for ridding yourself of excess weight and unhealthy habits for good. Within weeks, you’ll be on your way to a leaner, fitter, and more balanced body. Prepare to feel better and look great the Core Balance way.

Super Biotic

Description

Supplement facts

References

Achieving better digestion and nutrient absorption — naturally.

It might surprise you to learn that 85% of women entering the Personal Program have some form of digestive distress, and over half of them experience symptoms frequently. These health problems can range from bloating and gas to serious constipation or diarrhea. Most result from an imbalance in the body’s digestive ecology or “gut flora.”

Most women regard such symptoms as annoyances. But they’re not to be taken lightly — because your digestive health is the cornerstone of immune function, hormonal balance, mental health, anti-aging, and more.

Diets high in sugars, chemicals and fatty meat like those of many Americans, along with the use of antibiotics, create these floral imbalances in an environment that feeds the “bad” bacteria. The good news is that with a healthy diet and a probiotic formula rich in the “good” bacteria, you can influence the makeup of your gut flora to dramatically improve your overall health and well-being.

Our Super Biotic works to achieve this balance by adding plenty of the “good” bacteria to your body which can be crucial to success in the Personal Program.

What is our Super Biotic?

The word “probiotic” actually means “for life.” Daily probiotic use is an effective preventive and therapeutic method to help keep your intestinal flora tipped to the positive side, supporting healthy digestion. Women to Women’s Super Biotic blends eight microorganisms — supplying an incredible 15 billion organisms per dose — that your body needs.

Our formula was designed especially for Women to Women’s Personal Program, and is made in a facility validated by the NSF to meet or exceed all governmental requirements for Good Manufacturing Practices (the FDA’s GMP’s):

Lactobacilli are probiotic strains that break down nutrients, effectively warding off the bacteria or organisms that contribute to digestive or vaginal imbalance. Our formula includes L. Acidophilus, L. Rhamnosus, L. Lactis and L. Gasseri.
Bifidobacterium is one of the major genera of bacteria which reside in the body. It promotes colon health and enhances cellular immunity. Super Biotic includes B. Lactis, B. Longum and B. Bifidum.
Streptococcus thermophilus is a non-pathogenic probiotic species that helps break down lactose, the milk sugar that lactose intolerant people find difficult to digest, and promotes regularity.

What can our Super Biotic do for you?

Working together, the ingredients our multibiotic will bring you improved digestion and nutrient absorption, along with reduced urinary and vaginal infections. Our Super Biotic is used specifically to:

Promote better absorption of nutrients, including vitamins and minerals.
Inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.
Support healthy digestion and promote regularity.
Promote improvement in lactose intolerance.
Helps maintain a healthy urinary tract.
Reduce bloating and gas.
Boost the body’s natural immune function.

Remember that our Super Biotic is made from natural ingredients, and has no preservatives, sugar, artificial flavoring, filler, dyes, or coloring of any kind, and requires no refrigeration to maintain viability. Each production batch is laboratory assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard that is used for pharmaceutical drugs.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

References

Fujimori, S., et al. 2007. High dose probiotic and prebiotic cotherapy for remission induction of active Crohn’s disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 22 (8), 1199–1204. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17688660 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Boyle, R., et al. 2006. Probiotic use in clinical practice: What are the risks? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, 1256–1264. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/83/6/1256 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Falagas, M. et al. 2006. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: A review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs, 66 (9), 1253–1261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16827601 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Frankenfeld, C., et al. 2006. Postmenopausal bone mineral density in relation to soy isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes. Maturitas, 53 (3), 315–324. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16019168 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Parvez, S., et al. 2006. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. J. Appl. Microbiol., 100, 1171–1185. URL (full text): http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02963.x (accessed 10.24.2007).

Uehara, S., et al. 2006. A pilot study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of Lactobacillus vaginal suppositories in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 28, (Suppl. 1) S30–S34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=16859900> (accessed 10.04.2007).

Marshall, B. 2005. The Lasker Awards: Celebrating scientific discovery. JAMA, 294, 1420–1421.

Adolfsson, O., et al. 2004. Yogurt and gut function. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 245–256. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/2/245 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Lin, H. 2004. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: A framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA, 292 (7), 852–858. URL (full text): http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/7/852 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Marelli, G., et al. 2004. Lactobacilli for prevention of urogenital infections: A review. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 8 (2), 87–95. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=15267122 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Wang, K-Y., et al. 2004. Effects of ingesting Lactobacilus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt in subjects with colonized Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80, 737–741. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/3/737 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Halsted, C. 2003. Dietary supplements and functional foods: 2 sides of a coin? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (Suppl.), 1001S–1007S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/4/1001S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Fernández, M., et al. 2003. Probiotic properties of human lactobacilli strains to be used in the gastrointestinal tract. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 449–455. URL (abstract): http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01850.x (accessed 10.24.2007).

Reid, G., et al. 2003. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 25 (20), 131–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12628548 (accessed 10.04.2007).

Reid, G., et al. 2003. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 16 (4), 658–672. URL: (full text): http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/658?view=long&pmid=1455729 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Duggan, C., et al. 2002. Protective nutrients and functional foods for the gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 75, 789–808. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/75/5/789 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Ishikawa, H., et al. 2002. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 22 (1), 56–63. URL (full text): http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/22/1/56 (accessed 10.24.2007).

Holzapfel, W., et al. 2001. Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 365S–373S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/365S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Ishibashi, N., & Yamazaki, S. 2001. Probiotics and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 465S–470S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/465S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Isolauri, E., et al. 2001. Probiotics: Effects on immunity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 444S–450S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/444S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Isolauri, E. 2001. Probiotics in human disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1142S–1146S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1142S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Marteau, P., et al. 2001. Protection from gastrointestinal diseases with the use of probiotics. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 430S–436S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/430S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Saavedra, J. 2001. Clinical applications of probiotic agents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1147S–1151S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1147S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Vanderhoof, J. 2001. Probiotics: Future directions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 1152S–1155S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/6/1152S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Wollowski, I., et al. 2001. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (Suppl.), 451S–455S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/451S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Roberfroid, M. 2000. Prebiotics and probiotics: Are they functional foods? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 71 (Suppl.), 1682S–1687S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/71/6/1682S (accessed 10.24.2007).

Collins, M., & Gibson, G. 1999. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: Approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (Suppl.), 1052S–1057S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/1052S (accessed 10.24.2007).

L-Glutamine

Description

Supplement facts

References

Natural support for the GI tract

L-Glutamine – the most abundant amino acid in the body – plays a crucial role in the metabolism, structure, and normal function of the entire gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and its extensive immune system. It is a major source of fuel for intestinal cells, and plays a key role in preventing intestinal permeability by protecting the mucosal lining of the intestines. Increased intestinal permeability can lead to food sensitivities and allergies, dysbiosis, decreased immune function, and chronic inflammation. During times of physiological stress the intestinal tract requires higher levels of glutamine and may benefit from supplementation.

How will L-Glutamine help me?

Adding Women to Women’s L-Glutamine to your regimen will help avoid any additional digestive irritation and will support healing in your GI tract, making it easier for your body to absorb the nutrients it needs.

Our L-Glutamine is made from the highest quality raw materials and is free of artificial colors, sweeteners, flavors or preservatives. Each production batch is laboratory assayed to ensure quality — the same rigorous standard that is used for pharmaceutical drugs.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

Women to Women’s L-Glutamine is a safe, natural digestive GI support formula manufactured to pharmaceutical standards.

The following articles and studies, arranged alphabetically, represent a sampling of the research on L-Glutamine.

L-Glutamine Claims

A. Efficacy

1. Maintains intestinal mucosa and/or permeability
2. Promotes digestive function

B. Safety

C. Other

Product references

A1, C
Ban, K. and Kozar, R. A. 2010. Glutamine protects against apoptosis via down regulation of Sp3 in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 399(6): G1344-G1353. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00334.2010. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006244/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

B
Candow, D. G., et al. 2001. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol., 86(2): 142-9. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11822473?dopt=Abstract (Accessed 5/9/2012).

A1, B, C
Chen, G., et al. 2001. [Clinical observation of the protective effect of oral feeding of glutamine granules on intestinal mucous membrane.] Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi., 17(4):2010.1. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11876941?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

A2
Coëffier, M., et al. 2005. Effect of glutamine on water and sodium absorption in human jejunum at baseline and during PGE1-induced secretion. J Appl Physiol. 98(6): 2163-8. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15661841?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

A2, B
Coëffier, M., et al. 2003. Enteral glutamine stimulates protein synthesis and decreases ubiquitin mRNA level in human gut mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 285(2): G266-73. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702496?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

A2
Dai, Z. L., et al. 2012. L-Glutamine regulates amino acid utilization by intestinal bacteria. Amino Acids., 2012 Mar 24 Epub. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22451274 (accessed 5/8/2012).

B, C
Hond, D. E., et al. 1999. Effect of long-term oral glutamine supplements on small intestinal permeability in patients with Crohn’s disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr., 23(1): 7-11. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888411.1 (accessed 5/9/2012).

A1, B, C
Jian, Z. M., et al. 1999. The impact of alanyL-Glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr., 26(5 Suppl): S62-6. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483898?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

C
Kennedy, D., et al. 2007. Cost Effectiveness of Natural Health Products: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 6(3): 297-304. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem167. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722206/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

A1
Larson, S., et al. 2007. Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to Glutamine-Mediated Intestinal Cell Survival. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol., 293(6): G1262 – G1271. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00254.2007. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2432018/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

A2, B
May, P. E., et al. 2002. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-mehtylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. Am J Surg., 183(4): 471-9. URl (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11975938?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

A1, B, C
Mok, E. and Hankard, R. 2011. Glutamine Supplementation in Sick Children: Is It Beneficial? J Nutr Metab. 2001: 617597. doi: 10.1155/2011/617597. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228321/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

A1
Motoki, T., et al. 2011. Glutamine depletion induces murine neonatal melena with increased apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium. World J Gastroenterol., 17(6): 717-726. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042649/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

B, C
Niihara, Y., et al. 2005. L-Glutamine therapy reduces endothelial adhesion of sickle red blood cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BMC Blood Disord., 5:4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2326-5-4. URL (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1198219/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/8/2012).

A1
Nose, K., et al. 2010. Glutamine Prevents Total Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Changes to Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Phenotype and Function: A Potential Mechanism for the Preservation of Epithelial Barrier Function. J Interferon Cytokine Res., 30(2): 67-79. doi: 10.1089/jir.2009.0046. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2830305/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

A1 – A2
Noyer, C. M., et al. 1998. A double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study of glutamine therapy for abnormal intestinal permeability in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol., 93(6): 972-5. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647031?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

A1, C
Sakiyama, T., et al. 2009. Glutamine increases autophagy under basal and stressed conditions in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology. 136(3): 924-932. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.002. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673957/?tool=pmcentrez (accessed 5/7/2012).

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van der Hulst, R. R., et al. 1997. Glutamine and intestinal immune cells in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr., 21(6): 310-5. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9406126?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

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van der Hulst, R. R., et al. 1996. The effect of glutamine administration on intestinal glutamine content. J Surg Res., 61(1): 30-4. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8769938?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012)/

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van der Hulst, R. R., et al. 1993. Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet, 341(8857): 1363-5. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8098788?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

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Yalçin, S. S., et al. 2004. Effect of glutamine supplementation on diarrhea, interleukin-8 and secretory immunoglobulin A in children with acute diarrhea. J Pedatr Gastroenterol Nutr., 38(5):494-51. URL (abstract only): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15097437?dopt=Abstract (accessed 5/9/2012).

Access to exclusive formulas

Proprietary formulas available exclusively to Members

Many members benefit from personalizing their Personal Programs to optimize their results. Available only to Members, our selection of additional formulations have been specially developed to augment your Program. At Women to Women, we develop and create all our own formulas and manufacture them to standards that exceed FDA regulations.

Omega-3

The natural way to promote heart, eye and skin health

Our Omega-3’s are formulated to:

Reduce triglycerides, a risk factor for heart disease.
Increase blood flow throughout the brain and body.
Promote eye, heart, skin, and joint health.
Help decrease mood swings and balance energy.
Help alleviate cramps, nausea, breast sensitivity, irritability, and headaches.
Support body processes that promote strong bones in menopausal and postmenopausal women.

Vitamin D

A vital nutrient for immunity and overall health

In the years leading up to menopause a woman can lose up to 20% of her entire bone mass. Our vitamin D is offered in a flexible dosage (2000 IU) and is the same form produced naturally in the skin — cholecalciferol — often referred to as "D3."

Vitamin D is essential for:

Increased immune function.
Limiting bone breakdown and maintaining bone-critical muscle mass.
Proper absorption and metabolism of calcium.
Promoting proper cell growth.
Building better immunity against colds and seasonal flu.

Super Antioxidant

Targeted antioxident support

Oxidative stress is known to be involved with many different conditions that adversely affect our bodies. While oxidative stress is a common occurrence, it’s important to take steps to offset its negative health effects. The best tools for this are called “antioxidants” — compounds that can neutralize “free radicals” before they cause additional oxidative cell damage.

Our Super Antioxident:

Promotes joint comfort and flexibility.
Supports healthy connective tissue, including bones, cartilage and blood vessels.
Supports a reduction in oxidative stress.
Contains Meriva® a patented formulation of curcumin for superior bioavailability and absorption.

You are unique. So is your path to PMS symptom relief.

Description

You are unique. So is your path to feeling your best!

The challenges you meet along your journey to feeling great by balancing your body are unique — just like you. Once you become a Member, our Nurse–Educators are here to help you along the way, which can make all the difference when you are trying to relieve your PMS symptoms or find natural solutions for the host of symptoms and challenges women face today. They are experienced, insightful women who are great listeners and can give you invaluable assistance and motivation for finding the right path to feeling better.

We encourage Members who need to discuss complex individual issues or those with more severe symptoms to schedule an appointment, whenever they feel it’s necessary. It can be incredibly helpful to speak with a woman who not only understands what you’re going through, but has personally guided many thousands of women along a path towards better health. Our Nurse-Educator appointments are available as an option for all Members — just $19.00 for a 20-minute consultation — whenever you need extra help to ensure your success on the Program.

Get extra support when you need it

Women to Women offers a number of supplemental formulas designed to accelerate your healing by addressing your specific needs, allowing you to further personalize your Program. And our Nurse-Educators are an excellent resource for deciding if you would benefit from additional nutritional support. In addition to helping enhance your supplement regimen, our Nurse-Educators can discuss any other dietary and lifestyle adjustments that might help resolve your specific symptoms.

Caring and confidential

Any personal information you share with a Nurse–Educator is kept in strict confidence. It is important to note that our nursing consultations are not substitutes for the advice of your healthcare practitioner, and we cannot and do not practice medicine over the phone. Please tell your healthcare practitioner about any supplements you are taking, including formulas recommended by our Nurse–Educators. And it’s a good idea to discuss the dietary and lifestyle changes you are making on the Program with your healthcare practitioner as well.

Our Nurse-Educators can help you prepare for an office visit with your healthcare practitioner to make sure you have all the information you need to have a productive and meaningful talk.

Making an appointment

If you’ve already ordered your Personal Program on-line, or are already a Member, call 1-800-808-8049 and ask to schedule an appointment with a Nurse–Educator.

Average program rating @@RATINGVAL@@ out of 5.
(Based on @@REVIEWCOUNT@@ reviews.)
@@PERC@@% would recommend this Program to a friend.
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For PMS Symptoms — 30-day starter phase

Support beyond the starter phase

For PMS Symptoms — 30-day starter phase

Support beyond the starter phase

Essential Nutrients

Because rich nutrition is the foundation of hormonal health

The right blend of vitamins and minerals

The benefits of Essential Nutrients

Product References

Omega-3’s

The natural way to promote heart, eye and skin health

Product References

PMSolution

Phytotherapy to relieve PMS symptoms

PMSolution contains:

Product References

PMSolution Claims

References

Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)

Burdock (Arctium lappa)

Chaste tree berry (Vitex agnus castus)

Chromium (Chromium Picolinate)

Dong quai (Angelica sinensis)

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.)

Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Wild Yam (Dioscorea villosa)

T-Balance™

Natural support for your thyroid gland — and a boost in energy

What is T-Balance

T-Balance can:

Product References

Adaptisol™

Natural support for the over-worked and over-wired

What is Adaptisol™

Adaptisol™ can:

Product References

Astragalus membranaceus

Cordyceps sinensis

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Rhodiola rosea

Serinisol™

Calming, natural support

What is Serinisol?

Serinisol can:

Product references

Calcium

Magnesium

Phosphatidylserine

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)

Phosphatidylserine

Natural support for stress

How will PS help me?

Product references

Phosphatidylserine

Exercising for Bone Health

With special bonus features

Herbal Equilibrium™

Phytotherapy to support hormonal balance

Herbal Equilibrium contains:

Red clover

Ashwagandha

Passionflower

Chasteberry

Kudzu

Wild yam

Black cohosh

Better Bones Basics

Our exclusive bone support formula

Product references

Better Bones Builder

Our intensive daily nutritional formula provides extra support

The Better Bones Builder formula contains:

Product References

Multivitamin & Mineral Formula

Amino Acid Complex

Bone Health Formula

Better Bones Balance

Our exclusive bone support nutritional foundation formula

The Better Bones Balance formula contains:

Product References

T-Balance^™

Vitamin B₁ (thiamine)

Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)

Vitamin B₃ (niacin, niacinamide)

Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid)

Vitamin B₆ (pyroxidine)

Vitamin B₇ (biotin)

Vitamin B₉ (folic acid)

Vitamin B₁₂ (cyanocobalamin)

WheySational^™