Diet, nutrition & weight loss
Omega-3 benefits —
References & further reading
1 Kiecolt–Glaser, J., et al. 2007. Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. Pyschosom. Med., 69 (3), 217–224. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17401057 (accessed 11.28.2007).
Das, U. 2007. Is depression a low-grade systemic inflammatory condition? Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (6), 1665–1666. URL (no abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17556708 (accessed 11.28.2007).
Parker, G., et al. 2006. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Reviews and overviews. Am. J. Psychiatr., 163 (6), 969–978. URL (abstract): http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/6/969 (accessed 11.28.2007).
Nemets, H., et al. 2006. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: A controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am. J. Psych., 163 (6), 1098–1100. URL (full text): http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/163/6/1098 (accessed 08.16.2007).
Zanarini, M., & Frankenburg, F. 2003. Am. J. Psych., 160, 167–169. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. URL (full text): http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/1/167 (accessed 08.16.2007).
WebMD Medical News. 2003. Omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil soothe personality disorder. URL: http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20030117/fish-oil-soothes-personality-disorder (accessed 08.16.2007).
2 Fortin, P., et al. 1992. Validation of a meta-analysis: The effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 48 (11), 1379–1390. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/7490601 (accessed 10.16.2007).
3 Tsai, P. 2006. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Omega-3 fatty acids. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19302.htm (accessed 10.16.2007).
4 Saldeen, P., & Saldeen, T. 2004. Women and omega-3 fatty acids. Obstet. Gynecol., 59 (10), 722–730. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/15385858 (accessed 10.16.2007).
5 Bourre, J. 2007. Dietary omega–3 fatty acids for women. Biomed. Pharmacother., 61 (3), 105–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17254747 (accessed 08.16.2007).
[No authors listed.] 2007. Omega-3 might ease depression, enhance mind and memory. There’s a growing body of evidence that DHA benefits gray matter, but it’s not a cure-all, say researchers. Health News, 13 (6), 4–5.
Logan, A. 2003. Neurobehavioral aspects of omega-3 fatty acids: Possible mechanisms and therapeutic value in major depression. Altern. Med. Rev., 8 (4), 410–425. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/14653768 (accessed 08.16.2007).
6 Medline Plus. 2007. Dietary fats. URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfats.html (accessed 08.16.2007).
7 Environmental Defense Fund. 2006. Pocket seafood selector. URL (PDF) http://www.freeweeklyhealthtip.com/pdf/Seafood_Selector_2006.pdf (accessed 08.16.2007).
8 Wikipedia.org. 2007. Eicosanoid. See illustration: “EFA sources: Essential fatty acid production and metabolism to form eicosanoids. At each step, the omega-3 and omega-6 cascades compete for the enzymes.” URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid (accessed 08.16.2007).
9 Davis, B., & Kris-Etherton, P. 2003. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: Current knowledge and practical implications. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 78 (3), 640S–646S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/78/3/640S (accessed 08.16.2007).
10 DeBusk, R., et al. 2002. University of Maryland Medical Center. Omega-6 fatty acids. URL: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-6-000317.htm#Dietary%20Sources (accessed 08.16.2007).
11 Mozaffarian, D., et al. 2006. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. NEJM, 354 (15), 1601–1613. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/15/1601 (accessed 08.16.2007).
12 US Food and Drug Administration. 2005. Revealing trans fats. URL: http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2003/503_fats.html (accessed 08.16.2007).
13 Associated Press. 10.19.2007. Zero trans fat doesn’t always mean none — Diet and nutrition. URL: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20349315/ (accessed 10.16.2007).
14 DeBusk, R., et al. 2002. Omega-3 fatty acids. University of Maryland Medical Center. URL: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm (accessed 09.21.2007).
15 Fay, M., et al. 1997. Effect of different types and amounts of fat on the development of mammary tumors in rodents: A review. Cancer Res., 57, 3979–3988. URL (abstract): http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/18/3979 (accessed 10.25.2007).
Caygill, C., et al. 1996. Fat, fish oil and cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 74, 159–164. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/8679451 (accessed 10.25.2007).
16 Bagga, D., et al. 2002. Long-chain n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios in breast adipose tissue from women with and without breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer, 42, 180–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/12416257 (accessed 10.25.2007).
17 de Lorgeril, M., et al. 1998. Mediterranean dietary pattern in a randomized trial: Prolonged survival and possible reduced cancer rate. Arch. Intern. Med, 158 1181–1187. URL (full text): http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/158/11/1181 (accessed 10.25.2007).
Menéndez, J., et al. 2006. HER2 (erbB-2)-targeted effects of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), in breast cancer cells: The “fat features” of the “Mediterranean diet” as an “anti-HER2 cocktail”. Clin. Transl. Oncol., 8 (11), 812–820. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17134970 (accessed 10.25.2007).
18 Campagnoli, C., et al. 2005. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might reduce hot flushes: An indication from two controlled trials on soy isoflavones alone and with a PUFA supplement. Maturitas, 51 (2), 127–134. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/15917152 (accessed 10.25.2007).
19 Waite, N., et al. 2008. Do fish-oil supplements affect insulin sensitivity? A pilot intervention study. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet., 21 (3), 288–289. URL (limited access): http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00865_11.x
Berry, E. 1997. Dietary fatty acids in the management of diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 66 (4), 991–997S. URL (full text): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/66/4/991S (accessed 02.05.2008).
See also: [No author listed.] 2008. Pilot study gives sign of fish oil for insulin sensitivity. URL: http://nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=869863 (accessed 06.20.2008).
20 Watkins, B., et al. 2006. Dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and docosahexaenoic acid: Actions on bone mineral and serum biomarkers in ovariectomized rats. J. Nutr. Biochem., 17 (4), 282–289. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/16102959 (accessed 10.25.2007).
Watkins, B., et al. 2003. Modulatory effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on osteoblast function and bone metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 68 (6), 387–398. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/12798659 (accessed 10.25.2007).
21 Science Daily. 2007. Omega-3 boosts grey matter, may explain improved moods. URL: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070307080827.htm (accessed 08.16.2007).
22 Dyerberg, J. “The health benefits of omega-3’s — From the Greenland Eskimo experience to present nutritional knowledge.” Featured speaker, Supply Side West, Las Vegas, NV, 11/08/2007.
Romieu, I., et al. 2005. Omega-3 fatty acid prevents heart rate variability reductions associated with particulate matter. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 172 (12), 1534–1540. URL (full text): http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/172/12/1534 (accessed 11.19.2007).
Christensen, J., et al. 1996. Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 312 (7032), 677–678. URL (full text): http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7032/677 (accessed 11.19.2007).
See also:
Burros, M. 1987. Eating well. New York Times. URL (log-in required): http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE4D8163AF93
BA25752C1A961948260 (accessed 11.19.2007).
[No authors listed.] 1986. Nutrition classics. The Lancet, Vol. I for 1971: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-Coast Eskimos. By H.O. Bang, J. Dyerberg, Aase Brøndum Nielsen. Nutr. Rev., 44 (4), 143–146.
Bang, H. et al. 1971. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos. Lancet, 1 (7710), 1143–1145.
23 Mori, T. et al. 1999. Docosahexaenoic acid but not eicosapentaenoic acid lower ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Hypertension, 34 (2), 253–260. URL (full text): http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/34/2/253 (accessed 11.19.2007).
24 Luostarinen, R., et al. 1995. Vitamin E supplementation counteracts the fish oil induced increase of blood glucose in humans. Nutr. Res., 15, 953–968.
25 McKenney, J. 2007. Role of prescription omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Pharmacotherapy, 27 (5), 715–728. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17461707 (accessed 09.21.2007).
See also:
Metcalf, R., et al. 2007. Effects of fish-oil supplementation on myocardial fatty acids in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (5), 1222–1228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17490956 (accessed 09.21.2007).
26 Bays, H. 2007. Safety considerations with omega-3 fatty acid therapy. Am. J. Cardiol., 99 (6A), 35C–43C. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/17368277 (accessed 09.21.2007).
27 Wikipedia.org. 2007. Omega-3 fatty acids. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid#Daily_values (accessed 09.10.2007).
28 American Heart Association. [No date listed.] Fish and omega-3 fatty acids. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4632 (accessed 09.21.2007).
American Heart Association. 2002. New guidelines focus on fish, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids. URL: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3006624 (accessed 09.21.2007).
29 Daniells, S. 2007. The inventor of omega-3. (Jørn Dyerberg, as quoted in an interview with Stephen Daniells). URL: http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=81606 (accessed 11.27.2007).
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Omega-3 fatty acids — essential to health and happiness
Original Publication Date: 10/30/2007
Last Modified: 06/20/2008
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet