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Thyroid health

Thyroid health in menopause — References & further reading

References

1 Bailey Spitzer, T. 2010. What the obstetrician/gynecologist should know about thyroid disorders. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 65 (12), 779–785. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411022 (accessed 05.09.2011).

2 [No author listed.] 2002. Thyroid and menopause: Confusing the symptoms. URL: http://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/symptoms-thyroid-vs-menopause (accessed 05.27.2011).

“According to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), millions of women with unresolved menopausal-like symptoms, even those taking estrogen, may be suffering from undiagnosed thyroid disease. While symptoms such as fatigue, depression, mood swings, and sleep disturbances are frequently associated with menopause, they may also be signs of hypothyroidism. A survey done by the AACE showed that only 1 in 4 women who have discussed menopause and its symptoms with a physician were also tested for thyroid disease.

3 Adlersberg, M., & Burrow, G. 2002. Focus on primary care. Thyroid function and dysfunction in women. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 57 (3 Suppl.), S1–S7. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074547 (accessed 05.09.2011).

“All forms of thyroid disease are more common in women. The reason for this gender predilection has not been entirely elucidated but may relate to the closely intertwined relationship between thyroid function and the female reproductive axis. Thyroid dysfunction influences both menstrual function and fertility, likely through changes in sex hormone levels, gonadotropin release, and possibly ovarian function. Similarly, alterations in reproductive physiology can modulate thyroid function. In such settings as pregnancy, when sex hormone levels fluctuate markedly, variations in thyroid function occur frequently. For the clinician, understanding when such alterations require intervention is critical.”

4 Mason, G., et al. 2000. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Focus on basic neurology. URL: http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000048/CH048.html (accessed 05.26.2011).

“[T]he hypothalamic substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is … called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

“The turnover rate of the pituitary TRH receptor is slow, providing explanation for its equally slow homologous down-regulation (26). The number of pituitary TRH receptors is reversibly decreased by thyroid hormones and increased by estrogen and glucocorticoids.

“ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION. . . The enzymatic breakdown of TRH by cultured cells from the anterior pituitary is regulated by estrogen and thyroid hormones (4).”

5 Adlersberg, M., & Burrow, G. 2002.

 

Further Reading

International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). 2008. URL: http://indorgs.virginia.edu/iccidd/mi/cidds.html (accessed 05.23.2008).

Spadaccino, A., et al. 2008. Celiac disease in North Italian patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity, 41 (1), 116–121. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18176874 (accessed 05.08.2008).

George, J., & Joshi, S. 2007. Drugs and thyroid. J. Assoc. Physicians India, 55, 215–223. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17598333 (accessed 05.08.2008).

da Silva Kotze, L., et al. 2006. Thyroid disorders in Brazilian patients with celiac disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 40 (1), 33–36. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340631 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Hall, J., & Guyton, A. 2006. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed., 931. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.

Liappas, J., et al. 2006. Hypothyroidism induced by quetiapine: A case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 26 (2), 208–209.

Bland, J. 2005. Preface, iii. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 644. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.

Bland, J., & Jones, D. 2005. Chapter 32: Clinical approaches to hormonal and neuroendocrine imbalances. Cellular messaging, part II — Tissue sensitivity and intracellular response. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 596, 602. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.

Norman Endocrine Surgery Clinic. 2005. How your thyroid works. URL: http://www.endocrineweb.com/thyfunction.html (accessed 05.05.2008).

Pizzorno, L., & Ferril, W. 2005. Chapter 32. Clinical approaches to hormonal and neuroendocrine imbalances. Thyroid. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 647. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.

Shulman, K., et al. 2005. New thyroxine treatment in older adults beginning lithium therapy: Implications for clinical practice. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 13 (4), 299–304. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845755 (accessed 05.08.2008).

de Benoist, B., Andersson, M., Egli, I., Takkouche, B., & Allen, H., eds. 2004. Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Gracious, B., et al. 2004. Elevated thyrotropin in bipolar youths prescribed both lithium and divalproex sodium. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 43 (2), 215–220. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726729 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Moura, E., & Moura,C. 2004. [Regulation of thyrotropin synthesis and secretion.] Arq. Bras. Encocrinol. Metabol., 48 (1), 40–52. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611817 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Saad, A., et al. 2004. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer: Clinical, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies of a case and review of the literature. Arc. Pathol. Lab. Med., 128 (7), 807–810. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15214815 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Sowers, M., et al. 2003. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and menopausal status in women at the mid-life: SWAN. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 58 (3), 340–347. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12608940 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Bogazzi, F., et al. 2001. The various effects of amiodarone on thyroid function. Thyroid, 11 (5), 511–519. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396710 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Northrup, C. 2001. The Wisdom of Menopause: Creating Physical and Emotional Health and Healing During the Change, 118. NY: Random House.

Sategna–Guidetti, C., et al. 2001. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in untreated adult celiac disease patients and effect of gluten withdrawal: An Italian multicenter study. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96 (3), 751–757. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11280546 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Ferret, B., & Caley, C. 2000. Possible hypothyroidism associated with quetiapine. Ann. Pharmacother. 34 (4), 483–486. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10772436 (accessed 05.08.2008).

Toscano, V., et al. 2000. Importance of gluten in the induction of endocrine autoantibodies and organ dysfunction in adolescent celiac patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95 (7), 1742–1748. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10925978 (accessed 05.08.2008).

For more on the link between iodine status and hypothyroidism, as well as many other health issues, see the website of David Brownstein, MD: www.drbrownstein.com

 

Reference regarding thyroid hormone panel ranges

Lombard, J. 2005. Chapter 32. Clinical approaches to hormonal and neuroendocrine imbalances. Section VI: Neurotransmitters: A functional medicine approach to neuropsychiatry. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 644. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.

 

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Thyroid health in menopause

 

Last Modified Date: 06/27/2011

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