Thyroid health
References
1 Bailey Spitzer, T. 2010. What the obstetrician/gynecologist should
know about thyroid disorders. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 65 (12), 779–785.
URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411022 (accessed 05.09.2011).
2 [No author listed.] 2002. Thyroid and menopause: Confusing the symptoms.
URL: http://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/symptoms-thyroid-vs-menopause
(accessed 05.27.2011).
“According to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE),
millions of women with unresolved menopausal-like symptoms, even those taking estrogen,
may be suffering from undiagnosed thyroid disease. While symptoms such as fatigue,
depression, mood swings, and sleep disturbances are frequently associated with menopause,
they may also be signs of hypothyroidism. A survey done by the AACE showed that
only 1 in 4 women who have discussed menopause and its symptoms with a physician
were also tested for thyroid disease.
3 Adlersberg, M., & Burrow, G. 2002. Focus on primary care. Thyroid
function and dysfunction in women. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 57 (3 Suppl.),
S1–S7. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074547 (accessed 05.09.2011).
“All forms of thyroid disease are more common in women. The reason for this
gender predilection has not been entirely elucidated but may relate to the closely
intertwined relationship between thyroid function and the female reproductive axis.
Thyroid dysfunction influences both menstrual function and fertility, likely through
changes in sex hormone levels, gonadotropin release, and possibly ovarian function.
Similarly, alterations in reproductive physiology can modulate thyroid function.
In such settings as pregnancy, when sex hormone levels fluctuate markedly, variations
in thyroid function occur frequently. For the clinician, understanding when such
alterations require intervention is critical.”
4 Mason, G., et al. 2000. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Focus on basic
neurology. URL: http://www.acnp.org/g4/GN401000048/CH048.html (accessed 05.26.2011).
“[T]he hypothalamic substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to
release thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is … called thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH).
“The turnover rate of the pituitary TRH receptor is slow, providing explanation
for its equally slow homologous down-regulation (26). The number of pituitary TRH
receptors is reversibly decreased by thyroid hormones and increased by estrogen
and glucocorticoids.
“ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION. . . The enzymatic breakdown of TRH by cultured cells
from the anterior pituitary is regulated by estrogen and thyroid hormones (4).”
5 Adlersberg, M., & Burrow, G. 2002.
Further Reading
International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). 2008.
URL: http://indorgs.virginia.edu/iccidd/mi/cidds.html (accessed 05.23.2008).
Spadaccino, A., et al. 2008. Celiac disease in North Italian patients with autoimmune
thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity, 41 (1), 116–121. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18176874
(accessed 05.08.2008).
George, J., & Joshi, S. 2007. Drugs and thyroid. J. Assoc. Physicians India,
55, 215–223. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17598333
(accessed 05.08.2008).
da Silva Kotze, L., et al. 2006. Thyroid disorders in Brazilian patients with celiac
disease. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 40 (1), 33–36. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340631
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Hall, J., & Guyton, A. 2006. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed.,
931. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Liappas, J., et al. 2006. Hypothyroidism induced by quetiapine: A case report. J.
Clin. Psychopharmacol., 26 (2), 208–209.
Bland, J. 2005. Preface, iii. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S.
Quinn, 644. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.
Bland, J., & Jones, D. 2005. Chapter 32: Clinical approaches to hormonal and
neuroendocrine imbalances. Cellular messaging, part II — Tissue sensitivity and
intracellular response. In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones
& S. Quinn, 596, 602. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.
Norman Endocrine Surgery Clinic. 2005. How your thyroid works. URL: http://www.endocrineweb.com/thyfunction.html
(accessed 05.05.2008).
Pizzorno, L., & Ferril, W. 2005. Chapter 32. Clinical approaches to hormonal
and neuroendocrine imbalances. Thyroid. In Textbook of Functional Medicine,
ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 647. Gig Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.
Shulman, K., et al. 2005. New thyroxine treatment in older adults beginning lithium
therapy: Implications for clinical practice. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 13
(4), 299–304. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15845755 (accessed 05.08.2008).
de Benoist, B., Andersson, M., Egli, I., Takkouche, B., & Allen, H., eds. 2004.
Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva: World
Health Organization.
Gracious, B., et al. 2004. Elevated thyrotropin in bipolar youths prescribed both
lithium and divalproex sodium. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 43
(2), 215–220. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726729 (accessed 05.08.2008).
Moura, E., & Moura,C. 2004. [Regulation of thyrotropin synthesis and secretion.]
Arq. Bras. Encocrinol. Metabol., 48 (1), 40–52. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611817
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Saad, A., et al. 2004. Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer: Clinical,
immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies of a case and review of the literature.
Arc. Pathol. Lab. Med., 128 (7), 807–810. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15214815
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Sowers, M., et al. 2003. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and menopausal
status in women at the mid-life: SWAN. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.), 58
(3), 340–347. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12608940 (accessed 05.08.2008).
Bogazzi, F., et al. 2001. The various effects of amiodarone on thyroid function.
Thyroid, 11 (5), 511–519. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11396710
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Northrup, C. 2001. The Wisdom of Menopause: Creating Physical and Emotional Health and
Healing During the Change, 118. NY: Random House.
Sategna–Guidetti, C., et al. 2001. Prevalence of thyroid disorders in untreated
adult celiac disease patients and effect of gluten withdrawal: An Italian multicenter
study. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 96 (3), 751–757. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11280546
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Ferret, B., & Caley, C. 2000. Possible hypothyroidism associated with quetiapine.
Ann. Pharmacother. 34 (4), 483–486. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10772436
(accessed 05.08.2008).
Toscano, V., et al. 2000. Importance of gluten in the induction of endocrine autoantibodies
and organ dysfunction in adolescent celiac patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95
(7), 1742–1748. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10925978 (accessed
05.08.2008).
For more on the link between iodine status and hypothyroidism, as well as many other
health issues, see the website of David Brownstein, MD: www.drbrownstein.com
Reference regarding thyroid hormone panel ranges
Lombard, J. 2005. Chapter 32. Clinical approaches to hormonal and neuroendocrine
imbalances. Section VI: Neurotransmitters: A functional medicine approach to neuropsychiatry.
In Textbook of Functional Medicine, ed. D. Jones & S. Quinn, 644. Gig
Harbor, WA: Institute for Functional Medicine.
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Thyroid health in menopause
Last Modified Date: 06/27/2011