Thyroid health

Iodine and the thyroid — worth a second glance

• Iodine deficiency — how common is it?
• From intake to uptake — why are some of us so iodine-deficient?
• How’s your iodine? — iodine testing and treatment

We’ve all heard of iodine, of course. But if we were asked to define iodine’s role in human health, we might either think of it as merely an added ingredient to table salt (though many people don’t know why exactly), or as the bright orange tincture used by our parents to disinfect our childhood cuts and scrapes. But iodine is the critical element for healthy thyroid hormone production, and if it’s not available in the tiny amounts needed by the thyroid gland, there can be wide-ranging physical consequences.

These days, I have a growing concern that many of us may not be getting enough of this essential element. But although evidence of widespread iodine deficiency seems clear to me, the idea is still controversial in conventional medical circles. In a recent Newsweek article, an eminent medical school professor pronounced iodine deficiency to be rare in women in the US. Many of the magazine’s readers might not even give the subject a second thought. Yet compelling data were recently reported by the Centers for Disease Control suggesting that some 2.2 million women nationwide could have low iodine.

As we learn more about how iodine functions in the body, research is revealing connections between diet, environment, and the rise of thyroid, breast, and immune health problems in women. Maybe you’ve had recent thyroid testing that came back borderline, or you’ve been diagnosed with hypothyroidism (inadequate production of thyroid hormones), and you’re already on thyroid medication. Perhaps you have fibrocystic breast condition and avoid salt by choice or due to high blood pressure. If so, it’s possible you could benefit from more insight into your iodine status and available testing and treatment options.

Iodine deficiency — how common is it?

As a practitioner of functional medicine, I am more and more intrigued by iodine. How widespread is iodine deficiency? Why is it downplayed, and even overlooked here in the US? When iodine deficiency was first recognized as a public concern in the 1920’s, iodine was subsequently added first to flour, then to salt, and the problem was considered solved.

But many people don’t know that flour isn’t iodized anymore, and iodization of salt is still voluntary in the US — only one-fifth of our salt is actually iodized. In reading further, I’ve found that we’re trending back toward iodine deficiency. Iodine intake has declined 50% in North America in the past 30–40 years, and this is consistent with what I’m seeing in my patients.

As recently as 2004, the New England Journal of Medicine defined our iodine status here in the US as “marginal,” based on data acquired from the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorder and the World Health Organization (WHO). More specifically, the WHO data suggest the greater risk in the US is not iodine deficiency per se but iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormones) or iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Interestingly, both these problems can occur when people who are already iodine-deficient are given too much iodine, too quickly. I believe practitioners need to proceed more cautiously when prescribing iodine supplements, slowly bringing levels up rather than overloading right up front. (More on our treatment protocol for iodine deficiency below.) But the WHO perspective seems to confirm that iodine deficiency does exist here in the US.

Iodine deficiency may often be overlooked because the symptoms overlap with those of other illnesses, perhaps masking the problem. The 2004 National Health and Nutrition Survey helped dispel the assumption that iodine deficiency in women is a myth: although there was some leveling off of the drop in overall intake, more than a third of women of childbearing age had insufficient iodine levels. From thyroid issues to breast concerns to cognitive function, this could have serious implications for women’s short- and long-term health as well as that of their children. In my clinic, I’ve noted marginal levels in my patients and am seeing a distinct downward trend of levels in new patients.

From intake to uptake — why are some of us so iodine-deficient?

One-third of the world’s population lives in iodine-deficient areas: very little of the earth’s iodine is found in topsoils, and even where this mineral is present, it may remain tightly bound up in soil particles. This is the main reason why land vegetable crops are generally not good dietary sources. Women with symptoms of hypothyroidism should have their iodine levels evaluated, especially if they don’t eat many iodine-containing foods (See box at right for good dietary sources of iodine.)

But even while we humans have lived for millennia in an iodine-poor environment, the more pressing problem may be the novel burdens our modern surroundings are placing on our systems. Together with our lack of understanding, factors that make it harder than ever to acquire and retain enough iodine include toxic halide chemicals in our environment filling the iodine void in our bodies; the “demonizing” of salt; overfishing; and ocean pollution.

Iodophobia. Iodine is one of the essential nutrients that you can get too much of. So both excess iodine and iodine deficiency can impair thyroid function and lead to elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. But it’s likely that if you are iodine-replete, you’re less sensitive to excess iodine than people with chronically depleted levels.

In the US, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine for adults is 150 mcg/day and 290 mcg/day for lactating women. More and more researchers are saying that increasing the RDA would greatly benefit breast, thyroid, and nervous system health in women and infants. Our current RDA is well below the US Food and Nutrition Board’s “upper limit of safety” for iodine (UL = 1100 mcg), which is even lower in Europe (UL = 600 mcg), where iodine deficiency is more common. In Japan, however, where diets include lots of iodine, consumption is about 25 times more than the median intake here, yet the Japanese do not have more thyroid iodine toxicosis.

Individual sensitivity to iodine varies widely, but in the past 10–15 years, experts have found that overall, we are “remarkably tolerant to high intakes of iodine.” It appears that low or high iodine intake is something we get used to over long periods of time — though we’ll always need a certain amount. People living in some coastal regions of Japan regularly consume as much as 50,000–80,000 mcg of iodine daily!

If you’ve never been iodine-deficient, your thyroid will tend to stay normal in function and size if you consume up to several milligrams of dietary iodine daily. If you’ve been deficient, you may be hypersensitive to iodine. In my experience, this is not a problem for most women, and even hypersensitive individuals can just gradually adjust their levels upward.

Salt as the enemy. There is a common perception that salt itself is dangerous. Because excessive sodium intake can increase the risk of hypertension, as many as 7 out of 10 women avoid or rarely use it. What’s more, the American Medical Association has recently suggested the USFDA remove salt from the list of foods “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS)!

Contrary to popular belief, four-fifths of the salt in American food is not iodized. That would be fine if we only consumed fewer over-salted, processed, prepackaged, and fast foods (which do not contain iodine), while increasing our intake of sea foods, alkalizing mineral salts (such as potassium citrate, calcium carbonate, calcium ascorbate), and quality iodized sea salt. Not only would we see fewer problems with hypertension, we’d be healthier in every way — with most of us able to excrete any extra sodium we might consume.

The problem with other halogens. Iodine deficiency may also be related to other halogens — non-metals such as fluoride, chloride, and bromide, which are replacing iodine in the body. Most public water drinking supplies include the first two. Perchlorate (which may derive from rocket propellant, Chilean nitrate fertilizers, or other sources) is known to inhibit iodine transport in the body and thyroid function. Some scientists believe the omnipresence of perchlorate is “putting future generations in peril.”

Bromide is also widely present — in soil and crop fumigants as well many foods and drugs. In the 1960’s, iodine was added as an anticaking agent to bakery products, but because of misplaced fears of iodine toxicity (“iodophobia” ), it was replaced with bromine in the 1980’s. So we’re ingesting a lot of these halides, which research suggests compete with iodide for absorption and uptake in the body. This means they function as goitrogens (substances that suppress thyroid function by interfering with iodine uptake/accumulation).

According to leading iodine expert Dr. David Brownstein, iodine will bind to fluoride, chloride, and bromide, as well as to mercury, so these molecules can be removed from the body. But that process depends heavily on having adequate iodine in the body. If you are iodine-deficient, know that other toxic chemicals have taken its place in your body so that when you then add it back in, you’re both detoxing these chemicals and adjusting to the new iodine.

How’s your iodine? — iodine testing and treatment

It’s always best to solve the underlying causes of symptoms. If you have symptoms of hypothyroidism, fibrocystic breasts, fatigue, or brain fog, you may want to rule out iodine deficiency as a potential cause or contributor. Iodine functions as a chelating agent, a powerful antioxidant, and as a player in the metabolism of many other hormones, including adrenal and sex hormones — so it’s important to be sure you have enough!

Based on my clinical experience and what I’ve learned from my colleagues, I consider the possibility of iodine deficiency in each new patient I see. Depending on a woman’s symptoms and circumstances, I may also test her iodine levels using a 24-hour iodine/iodide loading test. This test is controversial, because preparation and collection guidelines must be followed carefully to obtain accurate results. The individual being tested avoids iodine and other halogens before undergoing the test then is “challenged” by taking an amount of iodine. After that, the excretion amounts of iodine and certain other elements from the halogen family are measured.

After evaluating the results of this test, I may institute a careful treatment protocol, slowly introducing an iodine replacement drug called Iodoral, in dosages determined by Dr. David Brownstein and others. What I see with this protocol is that iodine levels do not just come up quickly, as the body replaces toxic halides and mercury with iodine. When paced correctly, this regimen — which takes time but has been extremely helpful for many of our patients — helps women avoid the palpitations and anxiety that can occur if iodine levels rise too abruptly.

You can get a sense for whether you may be iodine-deficient using a self-test with an iodine tincture (see box at right). Accurate, more useful results can be obtained only through laboratory testing. With actual numbers, you and your healthcare practitioner can work together to appropriately replete your iodine levels.

The practice of iodine testing and treatment is a relatively emergent science that holds tremendous potential for improving women’s immune, breast, and thyroid health, and consequently our longevity. As we raise our awareness and understand more about how iodine works in the body, we can overcome any lingering “iodophobia” and begin to fully appreciate the value of this essential mineral.

Comment on this article:

Related to this article:

References & further reading on iodine and the thyroid

 

Last Modified Date: 05/27/2011
Principal Author: Marcelle Pick, OB/GYN NP