Thyroid health
Iodine and the thyroid — References & further reading
References
1 Kosova, W., & Wingert, P. 2009. Live your best life ever! Why health advice on “Oprah” could make you sick. Newsweek. URL: http://www.newsweek.com/id/200025/page/4 (accessed 06.12.2009).
2 Patrick, L. 2008. Iodine deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (2), 116–127. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/2/116.pdf (accessed 06.12.2009).
Hollowell, J., et al. 1998. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: Iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (10), 3401–3408. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/10/3401 (accessed 06.12.2009).
3 Blount, B., et al. 2006. Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect., 114 (12), 1865–1871. URL: http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9466/9466.html (accessed 06.15.2009).
Patrick, L. 2008.
4 Hollowell, J., & Haddow, J. 2007. The prevalence of iodine deficiency in women of reproductive age in the United States. Public Health Nutr., 10 (12A), 1532–1539; discussion 1540–1541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053275 (accessed 06.15.2009).
5 Dasgupta, P., et al. 2008. Iodine nutrition: Iodine content of iodized salt in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (4), 1315–1323. URL (PDF): http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es0719071 (accessed 05.15.2009).
6 Patrick, L. 2008.
Hollowell, J., et al. 1998.
7 Utiger, R. 2006. Iodine nutrition — more is better. NEJM, 354 (26), 2819–2821. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/26/2819 (accessed 06.12.2009).
See also correction: NEJM, 355 (12), 1289. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/355/12/1289 (accessed 06.12.2009).
8 de Benoist, B., et al., eds. 2004. Iodine status worldwide: WHO global database on iodine deficiency. Geneva: World Health Organization. URL (PDF): http://www.whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241592001.pdf (accessed 06.11.2009).
9 Hollowell, J., et al. 1998.
10 Patrick, L. 2008.
Caldwell, K., et al. 2005. Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002. Thyroid, 15 (7), 692–699. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16053386 (accessed 06.15.2009).
11 Vermiglio, F., et al. 2004. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild–moderate iodine deficiency: A possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (12), 60544–6060. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/12/6054 (accessed 06.16.2009).
12 Zimmermann, M. 2009. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy and the effects of maternal iodine supplementation on the offspring: A review. Am. J.Clin. Nutr., 89 (2), 668S–672S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088150 (accessed 06.12.2009).
13 Dunn, J. 1996.
14 Fuge, R. 2007. Iodine deficiency: An ancient problem in a modern world. Ambio., 36 (1), 70–72. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408193 (accessed 05.12.2009).
15 Laurberg, P., et al. 1998. Iodine intake and the pattern of thyroid disorders: A comparative epidemiological study of thyroid abnormalities in the elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 765–769. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/3/765 (accessed 05.19.2009).
16 Patrick, L. 2008.
17 Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes, 258. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
18 Hathcock, J. 2004. Vitamin and Mineral Safety, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Council for Responsible Nutrition.
19 Patrick, L. 2008.
20 Hathcock, J. 2004.
21 Stanbury, J. 1996. Iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders. In E. Ziegler & L Filer, eds. Present Knowledge of Nutrition, 7th ed., 378–383. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.
22 Hetzel, B., & Clugston, G. 1999. Iodine. In M. Shils, et al., eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed., 256–264. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins.
[Note: While toxic effects of iodine aren’t usually not observed in humans until their daily intakes exceed 10,000 mg, we can generally consider one-fifth that amount to be excessive and potentially harmful.]
23 Hetzel, B., & Clugston, G. 1999.
24 Dasgupta, P., et al. 2008.
25 Dasgupta, P., et al. 2008.
26 Dasgupta, P., et al. 2008.
Wright, S. 2002. US iodine consumption declining. Boston Globe, July 22, 2002, page A3. URL: http://www.allthyroid.org/news/archive/iodine_deficiency.html (accessed 06.15.2009).
27 Blount, B., et al. 2006. Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect., 114 (12), 1865–1871. URL: http://www.ehponline.org/members/2006/9466/9466.html (accessed 06.15.2009).
28 Dasgupta, P. 2009. Perchlorate: A cause for iodine deficiency? Environ. Chem., 6 (1), 7–9. URL (abstract): http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/188/paper/EN08108.htm (accessed 06.15.2009).
29 Robin, C. 2007. Iodine remedies: Secrets from the sea. Madison, WI: Service to the Good of Life. URL (PDF): www.jcrows.com/MaryJoFahey_IodineRemediesSecretsFromTheSea.pdf (accessed 05.18.2009).
“In his article, ‘The Wolff–Chaikoff Effect: Crying Wolf?,’ Dr. Guy Abraham explains that the misinformation about iodine can be traced to the Wolff-Chaikoff study at University of California at Berkeley in 1948 that resulted in the removal of iodine from the food supply. The study, that was later referred to as the Wolff–Chaikoff (W–C) Effect, says that iodine intake of 2 milligrams or more is excessive and potentially harmful.”
30 Brownstein, D. 2008. Iodine: Why you need it. Why you can’t live without it, 104. West Bloomfield, MI: Medical Alternatives Press.
31 Pevelka, S. 2004. Metabolism of bromide and its interference with the metabolism of iodine. Physiol. Res., 53 (Suppl. 1), S81–S90. URL (PDF): http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/53%20Suppl%201/53_S81.pdf (accessed 05.12.2009).
“It is suggested that high levels of bromide in the organism of experimental animals can influence their iodine metabolism in two parallel ways: by a decrease in iodide accumulation in the thyroid and skin (and in the mammary glands in lactating dams), and by a rise in iodide excretion by kidneys. By accelerating the renal excretion of iodide, excessive bromide can also influence the pool of exchangeable iodide in the thyroid…. We must state, however, that the virtue of the toxic effects of excessive bromide on the thyroid gland and its interference with the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, as well as the exact mechanism of bromide interference with postnatal developmental processes remains to be elucidated.”
Vobecký,M., & Babický, A. 2004. Effect of enhanced bromide intake on the concentration ratio I/BR in the rat thyroid gland. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 43–45, 509–516. URL: (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710868 (accessed 05.12.2009).
32 Brownstein, D. 2008. David Brownstein | Mercury | Iodine. URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biC41mMiVDM (accessed 06.16.2009).
33 Brownstein, D. 2008. Iodine: Why you need it. Why you can’t live without it, 104. West Bloomfield, MI: Medical Alternatives Press.
34 Aceves, D., et al. 2009. Antineoplastic effect of iodine in mammary cancer: Participation of 6-iodolactone (6-IL) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPAR). Mol. Cancer., 8 (1), 33. URL: http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/8/1/33 (accessed 06.243.2009).
Nuñez–Anita, R., et al. 2009. A complex between 6-iodolactone and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type gamma may mediate the antineoplastic effect of iodine in mammary cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 89 (1–2), 34–42. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19443248 (accessed 06.23.2009).
References for text box: Factors impacting our iodine intake
Kopp, P. 2008. Reduce, recycle, reuse — Iodotyrosine deiodinase in thyroid iodide metabolism. NEJM, 358 (17), 1856–1859. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/358/17/1856 (accessed 05.12.2009).
References for text box: Simple self-test for iodine deficiency
Skidmore, B. 2007. Iodine deficient? A simple self-test can show you now. URL: http://www.content4reprint.com/health/nutrition/iodine-deficient-a-simple-self-test-can-show-you-now.htm (accessed 05.19.2009).
[No author or date of publication listed.] How to self-test for an iodine deficiency. URL:
http://altmedangel.com/iodine.htm (accessed 05.19.2009).
Further Reading
Testing
DDI – Doctor’s Data Inc., St. Charles, IL. URL: http://www.doctorsdata.com/home.asp?id=23
Web articles and other resources:
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Iodine and the thyroid — worth a second glance
Original Publication Date: 07/20/2009
Last Modified: 02/16/2010
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet