Healthy weight
Sugar substitutes and the potential danger of Splenda — References
1 To get a taste of FDA bias toward artificial sweeteners versus more
natural alternatives such as Stevia rebaudiana, see: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fdsugar.html (Henkel, J. 1999
[Rev. 2004, 2006]. “Sugar substitutes: Americans opt for sweetness and lite”),
in which J&J’s promotional language is parroted: “Sucralose tastes
like sugar because it is made from table sugar.”
2 Wikipedia. 2006. Sucralose. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucralose (accessed
05.26.2006).
3 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS).
2003. Full Public Report: Splenda/Sucralose. p. 9. PDF: http://www.nicnas.gov.au/publications/car/new/ex/exfullr/ex0000fr/ex43fr.pdf
(accessed 05.26.2006).
4 USFDA Department of Health and Human Services (1998). Final rule sucralose.
21 CFR Part 172 (63) 164717–16433.
5 Sham, C., 2005. Splenda — a safe and a sweet alternative
to sugar. Nutrition Bytes, 10 (2), Article 5. URL: http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1136&context=uclabiolchem/nutritionbytes
(accessed 05.26.2006).
6 Roberts, A., et al. 2000. Sucralose metabolism and pharmacokinetics
in man. Food & Chemical Toxicology, 38 (S2), 31–41. URL (abstract):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882816
(accessed 11.26.2007).
7 Goldsmith, L. 2000. Acute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose. Food
Chem. Toxicol.,38 (Suppl. 2), S53–S69. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882818
(accessed 04.07.2009).
Mann, S., et al. 2000. A combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study
of sucralose in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38 (Suppl. 2),
S71–S89. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882819
(accessed 04.07.2009).
USFDA Department of Health and Human Services (1998). Final rule sucralose.
21 CFR Part 172 (63), 164717–16433.
Lord, G., & Newberne, P. 1990. Renal mineralization — a ubiquitous
lesion in chronic rat studies. Food Chem. Toxicol., 28 (6) , 449–455. URL
(abstract):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2210518 (accessed 04.07.2009).
8 Abou–Donia, M., et al. 2008. Splenda alters gut microflora and increases
intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats. J.Toxicol. Environ.
Health A., 71 (21), 1415–1429. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18800291
(accessed 04.07.2009).
9 Roberts, A., et al. 2000. Sucralose metabolism and pharmacokinetics
in man. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38 (Suppl. 2), S31–S41. URL (abstract):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882816 (accessed 04.07.2009).
Sims, J., et al. 2000. The metabolic fate of sucralose in rats. Food
Chem. Toxicol., 38 (Suppl. 2), S115–S121. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882824
(accessed 04.07.2009).
FDA/DHHS. April 3, 1998. Food additives permitted for direct addition
to food for human consumption; sucralose. 12 CFR Part 172 Docket No. 87F-0086 (Final
rule). Federal Register, 63 (64), 16417–16433. URL (abstract): http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fr980403.html
(accessed 06.19.2006).
10 Ma, J., et al. 2009. Effect of the artificial sweetener, sucralose,
on gastric emptying and incretin hormone release in healthy subjects. Am. J. Physiol.
Gastrointest. Liver Physiol., 296 (4), G735–G739. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221011
(accessed 04.07.2009).
Grotz, V., et al. 2003. Lack of effect of sucralose on glucose homeostasis
in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 103 (12), 1607–1612.
URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14647086 (accessed 04.07.2009).
Baird, I., et al. 2000. Repeated dose study of sucralose tolerance in
human subjects. Food Chem. Toxicol., 38 Suppl 2, S123–S129. URL (abstract):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10882825
(accessed 04.07.2009).
11 [No author listed.] 08.23.2005 (press release). Makers of SPLENDA®
(sucralose) brand sweeteners modernize a time-old tradition: School bake sale fundraisers
with a lower-sugar version. URL: http://www.splenda.com/page.jhtml?id=splenda/newspromotions/press/release/PTOToday.inc
(accessed 05.25.2006).
12 Hirsch, A. 2007. Migraine triggered by sucralose — a case report.
Headache, 47 (3), 447. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371367
(accessed 04.07.2009).
Patel, R., et al. 2006. Popular sweetener sucralose as a migraine trigger.
Headache, 46 (8), 1303-1304. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942478
(accessed 04.07.2009).
Bigal, M., & Krymchantowski, A. 2006. Migraine triggered by sucralose
— a case report. Headache, 46 (3), 515-517. URL (no abstract available):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942478
(accessed 04.07.2009).
13 Gold, M. 2007. Sucralose Toxicity Information Center. Sucralose /
Splenda toxicity reaction samples. URL: http://www.holisticmed.com/splenda/splenda-adverse.txt
(accessed 05.25.2006).
14 Source for per-capita sugar data: http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/236_per_capita_consumption_of_major_food.html
(accessed 01.31.2007).
15 [No author listed.] 2007. Coca-Cola and Cargill, Inc. patent and will
sell “stevia” in drinks and foods. URL: http://www.sweetpoison.com/articles/0607/cocacola_cargill_inc_pate.html
(accessed 04.07.2009).
[No author listed.] 2007. Weekly comment. Why all the fuss about stevia?
URL: http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=81612&m=1NIEN26&c=uzuhcbwlwpxgpva
(accessed 11.26.2007).
16 Sahalian, R., & Gates, D. 2004. The Stevia Cookbook: Cooking with Nature’s Calorie-free
Sweetener. NY: Avery Publishing Group.
Return to:
Sugar substitutes and Splenda
Original Publication Date: 03/14/2006
Last Modified:
08/17/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet