Nutrition
Preventing vitamin D deficiency — References and further reading
References
1 Liu, S., et al. 2005. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older US women. Diabetes Care, 28 (12), 2926–2932. URL: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/12/2926 (accessed 09.03.2008).
2 Holick, M. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM, 357 (3), 266–281. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/3/266 (accessed 09.03.2008).
3 National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition board. [No publication date listed.] Through the United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Information Center website. Dietary Reference Intakes for individuals. URL (PDF): http://www.iom.edu/Object.File/Master/21/372/0.pdf (accessed 09.02.2008).
4 Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (1), 204–210. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/1/204 (accessed 09.05.2008).
5 Hathcock, J., et al. 2007. Risk assessment for vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (1), 6–18. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/1/6 (accessed 09.02.2008).
Vieth, R. 2004. Why the optimal requirement for vitamin D3 is probably much higher than what is officially recommended for adults. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 89–90 (1–5), 575–579. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15225842 (accessed 09.03.2008).
6 Vieth, R., 2006. Critique of the considerations for establishing the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D: Critical need for revision upwards. Symposium: Optimizing vitamin D intake for populations with special needs: Barriers to effective food fortification and supplementation. J. Nutr., 136 (4), 1117–1122. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/4/1117 (accessed 09.29.2008).
European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate–General. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. URL (PDF): http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out157_en.pdf (accessed 09.29.2008).
7 NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. 2008. Dietary supplement fact sheet: Vitamin D. URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp#h2 (accessed 09.03.2008).
Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
8 Vasquez, A., et al. 2004. The clinical importance of vitamin D (cholecalciferol): A paradigm shift with implications for all healthcare providers. Altern. Ther. Health Med., 10 (5), 28–36.
Heaney, R., et al. 2003. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (1), 204–210. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/1/204 (accessed 09.15.2008).
Vieth, R., et al. 2001. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73 (2), 288–294. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/73/2/288 (accessed 09.10.2008).
9 Javaid, M., et al. 2006. Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: A longitudinal study. The Lancet, 369 (9504), 36–43.
10 Maalouf, J., et al. 2008. Short- and long-term safety of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in school children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 93 (7), 2693–2701. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18445674 (accessed 06.10.2008).
Andersen, R., et al. 2005. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 59 (4), 533–541. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15714215 (accessed 09.03.2008).
11 Brown, S. 2008. Vitamin D and fracture reduction: An evaluation of the existing research. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (1), 21–33. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18377100 (accessed 04.01.2008).
12 Daniells, S. 08.25.2006. Vitamin D could cut falls in the elderly, suggests study. NutraIngredients.com. URL: http://nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?id=70103
Jackson, et al. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. NEJM, 354, (7) 669–683. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/669 (accessed 09.03.2008).
Correction to Jackson et al., NEJM, 354 (7) 669-683. May 25, 2006. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/21/2285 (accessed 05.26.2006).
Finkelstein, J. 2006. Calcium plus vitamin D for postmenopausal women — Bone appétit? NEJM, 354 (7), 750–752. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/7/750 (accessed 05.27.2006).
Kolata, G. 2006. Big study finds no clear benefit of calcium pills. New York Times. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/16/health/16bones.html (accessed 02.16.2006).
Snijder, M. et al. 2006. Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91 (8), 2980–2985.
Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2005. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 293 (18), 2257–2264. Review.
Bischoff–Ferrari, H., et al. 2004. Effect of vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 291 (16), 1999–2006. Review.
Dawson–Hughes, B., et al. 1997. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. NEJM, 337 (10), 670–676.
13 Flicker, L., et al. 2005. Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. J. Am. Geriatrics Soc., 53 (11), 1881.
14 Andersen, R., et al. 2005.
15 Vieth, R. 1999. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 69 (5), 842–856. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/69/5/842 (accessed 09.03.2008).
Heaney, R., et al. 2003.
16 Vieth, R. 1999.
NUTRAingredients.com. 08.04.2005. Vitamin D bread raises bone mineral density in elderly. URL: http://nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?id=59285 (accessed 05.24.2006).
17 Norman, A. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: Fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine essential for good health. Am.J. Clin. Nutr., 88 (2), 491S–499S. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689389 (accessed 09.18.2008).
Norman, A. 2006. Minireview: Vitamin D receptor: New assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology, 147 (12), 5542–5548. URL: http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/147/12/5542 (accessed 09.18.2008).
18 NUTRAingredients.com. 08.04.2005. Vitamin D bread raises bone mineral density in elderly. URL: http://nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?id=59285 (accessed 05.24.2006).
19 Vasquez, A., & Stone, M. 2008. Vitamin D: How much is enough and how much is too much? IFM Fall Webinar Series.
20 Jacobs, E., et al. 2008. Vitamin D insufficiency in southern Arizona. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (3), 608–613. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326598 (accessed 09.02.2008).
21 Steingrimsdottir, L., et al. 2005. Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D sufficiency, and calcium intake. JAMA, 294 (18), 2336–2341.
22 Bertone–Johnson, E., et al. 2005. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (11), 1246–1252.
23 Palomar, X., et al. 2008. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes. Metab., 10 (3), 185–197. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269634 (accessed 09.15.2008).
Boucher, B. 1998. Inadequate vitamin D status: Does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrome ‘X’? Br. J. Nutr., 79 (4), 315–327. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624222 (accessed 09.15.2008).
24 Chiu, K., et al. 2004. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (5), 820–825 URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/5/820 (accessed 09.15.2008).
Borissova, A., et al. 2003. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 57 (4), 258–261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800453 (accessed 09.15.2008).
25 Parikh, S. 2004. The relationship between obesity and serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D concentrations in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (3), 1196–1199. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/3/1196 (accessed 05.26.2006).
26 Gorham, E., et al. 2007. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: A quantitative meta analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med., 32 (3), 210–216. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296473 (accessed 09.18.2008).
Garland, et al. 2006. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am. J. Public Health, 96 (2), 252–261. URL: http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/96/2/252 (accessed 05.27.2006).
Giovannucci, E. 2005. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: A review (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 16 (2), 83–95. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15868450 (accessed 05.27.2006).
Gorham, E., et al. 2005. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. & Molecular Biology, 97 (1–2), 179–194. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236494 (accessed 05.27.2006).
27 Vieth, R., et al. 2004. Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutrition J., 3 (1), 8. URL: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/8 (accessed 05.27.2006).
Lansdowne, A., & Provost, S. 1998. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 135 (4), 319–323. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9539254 (accessed 05.27.2006).
28 Wolpowitz, D., & Gilchrest, B. 2006. The vitamin D questions: How much do you need and how should you get it? J. Am. Acad. Derm., 54 (2), 301–317. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16443061 (accessed 05.27.2006).
29 Armas, L., et al. 2004. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 89 (11), 5387–5391. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/89/11/5387 (accessed 09.15.2008).
30 Gorham, E., et al. 2005. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 97 (1–2), 179–194. Article recommends “prompt public health action…to increase intake of vitamin D3 to 1000 IU/day.” URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236494 (accessed 09.18.2008).
In addition, Dr. E. Giovannucci, professor of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard, in an article in Harvard Magazine (Sept.–Oct., 2005), states, “The average doctor will scare patients away from taking 2000 units a day, calling that toxic. Actually, it seems there is almost zero potential for vitamin D toxicity at that level.”
See also: 05.23.2006: http://nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?id=59285
“…The European Union’s Scientific Committee on Food recommends an upper safe level of 50 mcg (2000 IU) vitamin D, the same level recommended by the US Food and Nutrition Board.”
Additional references regarding vitamin D functions
European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate–General. 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin D. URL (PDF): http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out157/_en.pdf (accessed 09.03.2008).
Holick, M. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM, 357 (3), 266–281. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/3/266 (accessed 09.03.2008).
Return to:
Preventing vitamin D deficiency — the breakthrough?
Original Publication Date: 12/30/2005
Last Modified: 08/17/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet