Digestion & GI health

Probiotics — References & further reading

References

¹ INRA. 2006. Mapping the human intestinal metagenome. Press kit for the International Agricultural Show — Microflora of the digestive tract. URL: http://www.international.inra.fr/press/mapping_the_human_intestinal_metagenome (accessed 08.18.2007).

“Microbes are a part of human life, living on all the surfaces and cavities of the human body. For every human cell, there are at least 10 microbial cells. What’s more, the number of genes that encode these microbial cells is thought to be some 100 times greater than that found in the human genome. These complex, dynamic microbial communities have considerable impact on human physiology, nutrition, immunity and development, and changes in them can be a major factor for many diseases. However, unlike the human genome, the genomic material of these communities, referred to as the human metagenome, is largely unknown. An international panel organised by INRA (1) in October 2005 focused on the challenges and feasibility of an exhaustive analysis of the human metagenome.”

² Eggesbø, M., et al. 2011. Development of gut microbiota in infants not exposed to medical interventions. APMIS, 119 (1), 17–35. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21143523 (accessed 08.03.2011).

³ O’Hara, A., & Shanahan, F. 2006. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep., 7 (7), 688–693. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500832/?tool=pubmed(accessed 08.02.2011).

Sears, C. 2005. A dynamic partnership: Celebrating our gut flora. Anaerobe, 11 (5), 247–251. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701579 (accessed 08.02.2011).

Gibson, R. 2004. Fibre and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept). Clin. Nutr. Supple., 1 (2), 25–31. URL (abstract): http://www.clinicalnutritionsupplements.com/article/S1744-1161%2804%2900023-7/abstract (accessed 08.02.2011).

⁴ Abrams, S., et al. 2005. A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82 (2), 471–476. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/content/82/2/471.full (accessed 07.28.2011).

Coudray, C., et al. 2003.

⁵ O’Hara, A., & Shanahan, F. 2006.

Bäckhed, F., et al. 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 101 (44), 15718–15723. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524219/?tool=pubmed (accessed 08.02.2011).

⁶ Falagas, M., et al. 2006. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: A review. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 58 (2), 266–272. URL (full text): http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/58/2/266 (accessed 10.31.2007).

“…in vitro studies have shown that lactobacilli can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and/or its adherence on the vaginal epithelium. The results of some clinical trials support the effectiveness of lactobacilli, especially Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14, administered either orally or intravaginally in colonizing the vagina and/or preventing the colonization and infection of the vagina by C. albicans, while the results of a small number of clinical trials do not corroborate these findings…. However, the empirical use of probiotics may be considered in women with frequent recurrence of VVC (more than three episodes per year), especially for those who have adverse effects from or contraindications for the use of antifungal agents, since adverse effects of probiotics are very rare.”

Wynne, A., et al. June 2004. An in vitro assessment of the effects of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the human gut microflora and concomitant isolation of a Lactobacillus plantarum with anti-Candida activities. Anaerobe, 10 (3), 165–169. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16701514 (accessed 08.02.2011).

vanKessel, K., et al. 2003. Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: A systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 58 (5), 351–358. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12719677&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus (accessed 10.03.2007).

“...Lactobacillus recolonization (via yogurt or capsules) shows promise for the treatment of both yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis with little potential for harm.... The available evidence for CAM treatments of vaginitis is of poor quality despite the prevalent use of these therapies.”

Williams, A., et al. 2001.Evaluation of two self-care treatments for prevention of vaginal candidiasis in women with HIV. J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care, 12 (4), 51–57. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486720 (accessed 10.04.2007).

“...weekly intravaginal application of Lactobacillus acidophilus or weekly intravaginal application of clotrimazole tablets, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.... The relative risk of experiencing an episode of VC was 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2, 0.9) in the clotrimazole arm and 0.5 (95% CI = 0.2, 1.1) in the Lactobacillus acidophilus arm.... Vaginal yeast infections can be prevented with local therapy.”

Neri, A., et al. 1993. Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy treated with yoghurt. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 72 (1), 17–19. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8382424&ordinalpos=6&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum (accessed 10.03.2007).

Neri, A., et al. 1994. Bacterial vaginosis: Drugs versus alternative treatment. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 49 (12), 809–813. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=7885656&ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlus (accessed 10.03.2007).

See also:

Vickery, L. 1993. Infections and insurrection: Women treating yeast. FWHC. URL:http://www.fwhc.org/health/yeast.htm (accessed 10.03.2007).

⁷ Guarner, F., & Malagelada, J. 2003. Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet, 361 (9356), 512–519. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12583961 (accessed 08.02.2011).

⁸ Meyer, A., et al. 2006. Daily intake of probiotic as well as conventional yogurt has a stimulating effect on cellular immunity in young healthy women. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 50 (3), 282–289. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16508257 (accessed 04.17.2006).

⁹ Rescigno, M. 2008. The pathogenic role of intestinal flora in IBD and colon cancer. Curr. Drug Targets, 9 (5), 395–403. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473768 (accessed 08.02.2011).

Spinney, L. 2007. Bugs R Us. New Scientist, 195 (2617), 34–38. URL (paid access): http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19526171.300-the-microbes-living-inside-us.html (accessed 08.18.2007).

¹⁰ Arumugam, M., et al. 2011. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature, 473 (7346), 174–180. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21508958 (accessed 07.27.2011).

Abstract: Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecalmetagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. We also confirmed the enterotypes in two published, larger cohorts, indicating that intestinal microbiota variation is generally stratified, not continuous [editor’s emphasis]. This indicates further the existence of a limited number of well-balanced host-microbial symbiotic states that might respond differently to diet and drug intake. The enterotypes are mostly driven by species composition, but abundant molecular functions are not necessarily provided by abundant species, highlighting the importance of a functional analysis to understand microbial communities. Although individual host properties such as body mass index, age, or gender cannot explain the observed enterotypes, data-driven marker genes or functional modules can be identified for each of these host properties. For example, twelve genes significantly correlate with age and three functional modules with the body mass index, hinting at a diagnostic potential of microbial markers.

Gray, N. 2011. Three gut types may have functional differences, says researcher. Interview with Jeroen Raes. URL: http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Three-gut-types-may-have-functional-differences-says-researcher (accessed 07.04.2011).

Hypotheses: Metabolic differences exist between the three enterotypes, which obtain their energy best from different carbohydrates sources, and metabolize food and drugs differently, and this can have huge impact on our health. We don’t really know whether the ecosystems’ dynamic state or configuration can change, and while we may be born with one, it can change in the course of a lifetime of the person. We may be able to move from one enterotype state to another enterotype state. Maybe some types are good, maybe some are bad. You can maybe shift away from a bad enterotype state.

¹¹ Wolf, G. 2006. Gut microbiota: A factor in energy regulation. Nutr. Rev., 64 (1), 47-50. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16491670 (accessed 08.02.2011).

¹² McFarland, L. 2007. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of traveler’s diarrhea.Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 5 (2), 97–105. URL (abstract): (accessed 10.02.2007).

¹³ Consumer Labs. 2011. Product Review: Probiotic supplements for adults, children and pets. URL: https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/Probiotic_Supplements_Including_Lactobacillus_acidophilus_Bifidobacterium_and_Others/probiotics/ (accessed 08.03.2011).

References on symptoms of floral imbalance

Bekkali, N., et al. 2007. The role of a probiotics mixture in the treatment of childhood constipation: A pilot study. Nutr. J., 6 (1), 17. URL (PDF): http://www.nutritionj.com/content/6/1/17 (accessed 10.08.2007).

Bu, L., et al. 2007. Lactobacillus caseirhamnosus Lcr35 in children with chronic constipation. Pediatr. Int., 49 (4), 485–490. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17587273 (accessed 08.25.2011).

Youssef, N. 2007. Childhood and adolescent constipation: Review and advances in management. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17897578 (accessed 08.25.2011).

Ouwehand, A., et al. 2002. Effect of probiotics on constipation, fecal azoreductase activity and fecal mucin content in the elderly. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 46 (3–4), 159–162. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169860 (accessed 08.25.2011).

References on prebiotics

Frankenfeld, C., et al. 2006. Postmenopausal bone mineral density in relation to soy isoflavone-metabolizing phenotypes.Maturitas, 53 (3), 315–324. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 16019168 (accessed 04.17.2006).

Frankenfeld, et al. 2004. Mammographic density in relation to daidzein-metabolizing phenotypes in overweight, postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol., Biomarkers Prev., 13 (7), 1156–1162. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/13/7/1156 (accessed 04.17.2006).

See also: Phillips, M. 2005. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center: Bacteria and your bones: Johanna Lampe’s lab finds intestinal bacteria influence bone mineral density, may relate to breast-cancer risk. URL: http://www.fhcrc.org/about/pubs/center_news/2005/oct20/sart2.html (accessed 04.17.2006).

Probiotics — References & further reading

References on symptoms of floral imbalance

References on prebiotics

Further reading