Breast health

5 ways to create optimal breast health naturally — References & further reading

¹ American Cancer Society. 2009. How many women get breast cancer? URL: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_2_1X_How_many_people_get_breast_cancer_5.asp (accessed 05.02.2010).

² Friedenreich, C., et al. 2010. Alberta physical activity and breast cancer prevention trial: Sex hormone changes in a year-long exercise intervention among postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Oncol., 28 (9), 1458–1466. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159820 (accessed 05.12.2010).

  Neilsen, H., et al. 2009. Physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer: proposed biologic mechanisms and areas for future research. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 18 (1), 11-27. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/18/1/11.long (accessed 05.12.2010).

³ Holmes, M., et al. 2005. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. JAMA, 293 (20), 2479–2486. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/293/20/2479 (accessed 04.22.2010).

“An expert panel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization estimated a 20% to 40% decrease in the risk of developing breast cancer among the most physically active women, regardless of menopausal status, type, or intensity of activity.”

  American Cancer Society. 2005. Exercise can improve breast cancer survival. A few hours a week enough to make a difference. URL: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Exercise_Can_Improve_Breast_Cancer_Survival.asp (accessed 04.10.2010).

  Bianchini, F., et al. 2002. Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention. Obes. Rev., 3, 5–8. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414669 (accessed 04.22.2010).

⁴ Smallbone, K., et al. 2010. Episodic, transient systemic acidosis delays evolution of the malignant phenotype: Possible mechanism for cancer prevention by increased physical activity. Biol. Direct., 5 (1), 22. URL: http://www.biology-direct.com/content/5/1/22 (accessed 04.22.2010).

⁵ Holmes, M., et al. 2005.

  ACA. 2005.

  Bianchini, F., et al. 2002.

⁶ Holmes, M., et al. 2005.

  Bianchini, F., et al. 2002.

⁷ Kim, J., et al. 2009. Fatty fish and fish omega-3 fatty acid intakes decrease the breast cancer risk: A case-control study. BMC Cancer, 9, 216. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/9/216 (accessed 04.23.2010).

  University of Maryland Medical Center. Omega-3 fatty acids. URL: http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm (accessed 04.15.2010).

⁸ Menendez, J., et al. 2004. Overexpression and hyperactivity of breast cancer-associated fatty acid synthase (oncogenic antigen-519) is insensitive to normal arachidonic fatty acid-induced suppression in lipogenic tissues but it is selectively inhibited by tumoricidal alpha-linolenic and gamma-linolenic fatty acids: a novel mechanism by which dietary fat can alter mammary tumorigenesis. Int. J. Oncol., 24 (6), 1369–1383. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15138577 (accessed 04.23.2010).

⁹ Colotta, F., et al. 2009. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: Links to genetic instability.

¹⁰ Mantovani, A. 2010. Molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. Curr. Mol. Med. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455855 (accessed 05.12.2010).

¹¹ Bissell, M., & Pollard, J. [No date.] Review Series. Inflammation and breast cancer. URL: http://breast-cancer-research.com/series/BCR_Inflammation (accessed 04.23.2010).

  DeNardo, D., & Coussens, L. 2007. Inflammation and breast cancer. Balancing immune response: Crosstalk between adaptive and innate immune cells during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res., 9, 212. URL: http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/9/4/212 (accessed 04.15.2010).

¹² Shannon, J., et al. 2009. Erythrocyte fatty acids and risk of proliferative and nonproliferative fibrocystic disease in women in Shanghai, China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89 (1), 265–276. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/89/1/265 (accessed 05.12.2010).

  Wu, M., et al. 2005. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids attenuate breast cancer growth through activation of a neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated pathway. Int. J. Cancer, 117 (3), 340–348. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15900589 (accessed 05.12.2010).

  Rose, D., et al. 1995. Influence of diets containing eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid on growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells in nude mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87 (8), 587–592. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7752256 (accessed 05.12.2010).

¹³ Tse, A., et al. 2010. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits transcriptional potential of nuclear factor kappa B in breast cancer cells. Mol. Immunol., 47 (9), 1728–1738. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371119 (accessed 05.12.2010).

  Peterson, C., & Heffernan, M. 2008. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations are negatively correlated with serum 25(OH) D concentrations in healthy women. J. Inflamm., 5, 10. URL: http://www.journal-inflammation.com/content/5/1/10 (accessed 05.12.2010).

  University of Missouri–Columbia. 2009. Vitamin D deficiency related to increased inflammation in healthy women. URL: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090408140208.htm (accessed 05.04.2010).

¹⁴ Essa, S., et al. 2010. VDR microRNA expression and epigenetic silencing of vitamin D signaling in melanoma cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153427 (accessed 05.13.2010).

  Reichrath, J., et al. 2007. In vitro comparison of the vitamin D endocrine system in 1,25(OH)2D3-responsive and -resistant melanoma cells. Cancer Biol. Ther., 6 (1), 48–55. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172823 (accessed 05.13.2010).

  Osborne, J., & Hutchinson, P. 2002. Vitamin D and systemic cancer: is this relevant to malignant melanoma? Br. J. Dermatol., 147 (2), 197–213. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20153427 (accessed 05.13.2010).

¹⁵ Anderson, L., et al. 2010. Vitamin D and calcium intakes and breast cancer risk in pre- and postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20392891 (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Ingraham, B., et al. 2008. Molecular basis of the potential of vitamin D to prevent cancer. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 24 (1), 139–149. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18034918 (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Lappe, J., et al. 2007. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: Results of a randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85 (6), 1586–1591. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/85/6/1586 (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Lin, J., et al. 2007. Intakes of calcium and vitamin D and breast cancer risk in women. Arch. Intern. Med., 267 (10), 1050–1059. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9343834 (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Grant, W. 2006. Lower vitamin-D production from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance may explain some differences in cancer survival rates. J. Nat. Med. Assoc., 98 (3), 357–364. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576130/?tool=pubmed (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Holick, M. 2006. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin. Proc., 81 (3), 353–373. URL: http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/81/3/353.long (accessed 04.22.2010).

  McCullough M., et al. 2005. Dairy, calcium, and vitamin D intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 14 (12), 2898–2904. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/14/12/2898.full (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Welsh, J. 2004. Vitamin D and breast cancer: Insight from animal models. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (6 Suppl.), 1721S–1724S. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/1721S (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Braga, C., et al. 1997. Intake of selected foods and nutrients and breast cancer risk: An age and menopause-specific analysis. Nutr. Cancer, 28 (3), 258–263. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9343834 (accessed 04.22.2010).

¹⁶ Holick, M. 1995. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 61 (Suppl.), 638–645. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/61/3/638S.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

  Need, A., et al., 1993. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 58 (6), 882–885. URL (PDF): http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/58/6/882.pdf (accessed 09.15.2008).

¹⁷ Chlebowski, R., et al. 2008. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 100 (22), 1581–1591. URL:http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/22/1581 (accessed 04.22.2010).

¹⁸ Grassroots Health. 2008. Disease incidence by serum 25(OH)D level. URL: http://www.grassrootshealth.org/_download/disease_incidence_prev_25ng_p_ml_bline072608.pdf (accessed 05.13.2010).

²⁰ Schernhammer E., & Hankinson, S. 2009. Urinary melatonin levels and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 18 (1), 74-79. URL: http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/18/1/74.long (accessed 04.22.2010).

  Raloff, J. 2009. Darkness, melatonin may stall breast and prostate cancers. New studies suggest people need to respect the body’s desire for nighttime darkness. URL http://today.uchc.edu/headlines/2009/jan09/melatonin.html (accessed 04.22.2010).

DeNoon, D. 2003. Hormone melatonin slows breast cancer. Bright light at night linked to increased cancer risk. URL: http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/news/20030714/hormone-melatonin-slows-breast-cancer (accessed 04.16.2010).

²¹ Schernhammer, E., et al. 2006. Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology, 17 (1), 108–111. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16357603 (accessed 04.23.2010).

²² [No author listed.] 2010. Natural Standard Monograph. Melatonin. URL (paid access): http://www.naturalstandard.com (accessed 04.23.2010).

²³ Kaaks, R., et al. 2005. Serum sex steroids in premenopausal women and breast cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 97 (10), 755–765. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/pubmed/15900045 (accessed 04.23.2010).

²⁴ Eliassen A., et al. 2006. Endogenous steroid hormone concentrations and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 98 (19), 1406-1415. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17018787 (accessed 04.23.2010).

²⁵ Gaikwad, N., et al. 2009. Urine biomarkers of risk in the molecular etiology of breast cancer. Br. Cancer: Basic Clin. Res., 3, 1–8. URL: http://www.la-press.com/redirect_file.php?fileId=1749&filename=BCBCR-3-Cavalieri-et-al&fileType=pdf (accessed 02.15.2010).

  Gaikwad, N., et al. 2008. The molecular etiology of breast cancer: Evidence from biomarkers of risk. Int. J. Cancer, 122 1949–1957. URL: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/117869053/PDFSTART (accessed 02.15.2010).

  Cavalieri, E., et al. 2006. Catechol estrogen quinones as initiators of breast and other human cancers: Implications for biomarkers of susceptibility and cancer. BBA-Reviews on Cancer, 1766 (1), 63-78. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675129 (accessed 02.15.2010).

  Pruthi, S., et al. Novel serum biomarkers for assessing breast cancer risk. Results from a case-control study. Submitted, 2008.

  Cavalieri, E., et al. 1997. Molecular origin of cancer: Catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones as endogenous tumor initiators. PNAS, 94 (20), 10937–10942. URL: http://www.pnas.org/content/94/20/10937.long (accessed 02.15.2010).

²⁶ Davis, D., et al. 1993. Medical hypothesis: Xenoestrogens as preventable causes of breast cancer. Env. Health Perspectives, 101 (5), 372–377. URL (PDF) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519851/pdf/envhper00375-0014.pdf (accessed 04.23.2010).

²⁷ Johnston, D., & Master, K. 2004. Green Remodeling: Changing the World One Room at a Time. URL: http://www.care2.com/greenliving/which-plastics-are-safe.html (accessed 05.04. 2010).

²⁸ Zhang, Y., et al. 1994. Anticarcinogenic activities of sulforaphane and structurally related synthetic norbornyl isothiocyanates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91 (8), 3147–3150. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43532/?tool=pubmed (accessed 04.23.2010).

²⁹ Chari, R., et al. 2010. An integrative multi-dimensional genetic and epigenetic strategy to identify aberrant genes and pathways in cancer. BMC Syst Biol., 4 (1), 67. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/4/67 (accessed 06.01.2010).

  Sharma, G., et al. 2010. Clinical significance of promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes in tumor and serum DNA in invasive ductal breast carcinoma patients. Life Sci. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20470789 (accessed 06.01.2010).

  Baylin, S., et al. 1997. Alterations in DNA methylation: A fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv. Cancer Res., 72, 141–196. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9338076 (accessed 06.01.2010).

³⁰ Witek-Janusek, L., et al. 2008. Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on immune function, quality of life and coping in women newly diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Brain Behav. Immun., 22 (6), 969–981. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586059/?tool=pubmed (accessed 04.23.2010).

³¹ Goldsmith, R., et al. 2010. Traumatic stress symptoms and breast cancer: The role of childhood abuse. Child Abuse Negl. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586059/?tool=pubmed (accessed 04.23.2010).

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5 natural ways to prevent breast cancer

 

Last Modified: 12/05/2011