Bone health
Inflammation and your bones —
References & further reading
1 Kadereit, S. 2005. International Society for Stem Cell Research. Adult stem cells. URL: http://www.isscr.org/public/adultstemcells.htm (accessed 11.06.2008).
2 McCormick, R. 2007. Osteoporosis: Integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Alt. Med. Rev., 12 (2), 113–145. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/2/113.pdf (accessed 06.02.2008).
Kwan Tat, S., et al. 2004. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: Interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 15 (1), 49-60. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14746813 (accessed 10.02.2008).
Théoleyre, S., et al. 2004. The molecular triad OPG/RANK/RANKL: Involvement in the orchestration of pathophysiological bone remodeling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 15 (6), 457-475. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15561602 (accessed 10.02.2008).
3 McCormick, R. 2007.
4 Chiodini, I., et al. 2008. Skeletal involvement in adult patients with endogenous hypercortisolism. J. Endocrin. Invest., 31 (3), 267–276. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18401211 (accessed 11.12.2008).
McEwan, B. 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. NEJM, 338 (3), 171–179. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/338/3/171 (accessed 11.12.2008).
5 Chiodini, I., & Scillitani, A. 2008. [Role of cortisol hypersecretion in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.] Recenti Prog. Med., 99 (6), 309–313. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18710063 (accessed 11.12.2008).
6 Stenson, W., et al. 2005. Increased prevalence of celiac disease and need for routine screening among patients with osteoporosis. Arch. Intern. Med., 165 (4), 393 –299. URL: http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/165/4/393 (accessed 11.13.2008).
7 Holick, M. 2004. Vitamin D: Importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (3), 362–371. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/3/362 (accessed 10.24.2008).
8 McCormick, R. 2007, p 125.
9 Holick, M. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. NEJM, 357 (3), 266–281. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/357/3/266 (accessed 10.24.2008).
10 McCormick, R. 2007, p125.
11 Bae, Y–J., et al. 2008. Calcium and magnesium supplementation improves mineral content of the spine and serum osteoprotegerin in ovariectomized and calcium deficient rats. FASEB, 22 (1), 883.7. URL (abstract): http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/22/1_MeetingAbstracts/883.7 (accessed 11.07.2008).
Rude, R., et al. 2005. Immunolocalization of RANKL is increased and OPG decreased during dietary magnesium deficiency in the rat. Nutr. Metab., 2 (1), 24. URL: http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/2/1/24 (accessed 11.07.2008).
12 McCormick, R. 2007.
13 Certain signaling pathways in the body play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis and other bone–erosive processes. Indeed, the erosion of bone is a pathological hallmark of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis.
In 1998, the work of Gough and other British rheumatology researchers suggested that osteoclastic activation, rather than suppression of bone formation, was the principal mechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In seeking to identify the clinical measures and biochemical markers most indicative of bone loss in their early RA patients, they found that while urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline (a crosslink of type 1 collagen, as measured by Aeron Life Cycles’ Dpd assay) were excellent markers of change in BMD, CRP (C-reactive protein) was the best overall.
See:
Gough, A., et al. 1998. Osteoclastic activation is the principal mechanism leading to secondary osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 25 (7), 1282–1289. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9676757 (accessed 06.02.208).
Return to:
Inflammation and your bones
Original Publication Date: 01/22/2009
Last Modified: 08/17/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet