Bone health

Exercise and bone health — References & further reading

¹ Nelson, M. 2000. Strong Women, Strong Bones: Everything You Need to Know to Prevent, Treat, and Beat Osteoporosis, 221. NY: Berkley Publishing Group.

² Zhang, P., et al. 2008. Joint loading modality: Its application to bone formation and fracture healing. Br. J. Sports Med., 42 (7), 556–560. URL (abstract): http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/42/7/556.abstract (accessed 01.13.2010).

³ Brown, S. 2000. Better Bones, Better Body, 305. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing.

⁴ Guadalupe–Grau, A., et al. 2009. Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Med., 39 (6), 439–468. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453205 (accessed 01.13.2010).

⁵ Barry, D., & Kohrt, W. 2009. Exercise and the preservation of bone health. J. Cardiopulm. Rehab. Prev., 28 (3), 153–162. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18496313 (accessed 01.13.2010).

⁶ Huang, T., et al. 2003. Effects of different exercise modes on mineralization, structure, and biomechanical properties of growing bone. J. Appl. Physiol., 95 (1), 300–307. URL: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/300 (accessed 01.13.2010).

⁷ Manske, S., et al. 2009. Bone health: Part 2, physical activity. Sports Health, 1 (4), 341–346. URL: http://sph.sagepub.com/content/1/4/341.abstract (accessed 01.11.2010).

⁸ Taaffe, D., et al. 1995. Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. J. Bone Miner. Res., 10 (4), 586-593. URL: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=A1995QQ47900010&link_type=ISI (accessed 01.13.2010).

⁹ Guadalupe–Grau, A., et al. 2009.

¹⁰ Taaffe, D., et al. 1995.

¹¹ Myers, E., et al. 1993. Geometric variables from DXA of the radius predict forearm fracture load in vitro. Calcif. Tissue Int., 52 (30), 199–204. (accessed 01.13.2010).

¹² Fishman, L. 2009. Yoga for osteoporosis: A pilot study. Topics in Ger. Rehab., 25 (3), 244–250. URL (abstract): http://journals.lww.com/topicsingeriatricrehabilitation/Abstract/2009/07000/Yoga_for_Osteoporosis__A_Pilot_Study.9.aspx (accessed 01.11.2010).

¹³ Phoosuwan, M., et al. 2009. The effects of weight-bearing yoga training on the bone resorption markers of postmenopausal women. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 92 (Supple. 5), S102–S108. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19891384 (accessed 01.14.2010).

¹⁴ Engelke, K., et al. 2006. Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: A 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int., 17 (1), 133–142. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096715 (accessed 07.22.2008).

¹⁵ Pruitt, L. et al. 1992. Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res, 7 (2), 179–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1570762 (accessed 07.22.2008).

¹⁶ Kemmler, W., et al. 2004. The effect of habitual physical activity, non-athletic exercise, muscle strength, and VO2max on bone mineral density is rather low in early postmenopausal osteopenic women. URL (PDF): http://www.ismni.org/jmni/pdf/17/13KEMMLER.pdf (accessed 01.14.2010).

General Research on Exercise, Bone Strength and Fracture Reduction

Barry, D. W., and W. M. Kohrt. 2008. Exercise and the preservation of bone health. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 28:153–162.

Bloomfield, S., N. Williams, D. Lamb, and R. Jackson. 1993. Non-weightbearing exercise may increase lumbar spine bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 72:204–209.

Brown, S. 2000. Better bones, better body. Los Angeles: Keats.

Carter, M. D., G. Lester, R. DeMasi, and R. Talmage. 1991. Bone mineral content at three sites in normal perimenopausal women. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 266:295–300.

Donaldson, C., S. Hulley, J. Vogel, R. Hattner, J. Bayers, and D. McMillan. 1970. Effect of prolonged bed rest on bone mineral. Metabolism 19:1071–1084.

Feskanich, D., W. Willett, and G. Colditz. 2002. Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association 288:2300–2306.

Frost, H. M. 2001. From Wolff’s law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications. Anatomical Record 262:398–419.

Guadalupe-Grau, A., T. Fuentes, B. Guerra, and J. A. L. Calbet. 2009. Exercise and bone mass in adults. Sports Medicine 39:439–468.

Krolner, B., and B. Toft. 1983. Vertebral bone loss: An unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest. Clinical Science 64:537–540.

Lanyon, L. E. 1993. Skeletal responses to physical loading. In Physiology and pharmacology of bone, ed. G. R. Mundy and T. J. Martin. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Manske, S. L., C. R. Lorincz, and R. F. Zernicke. 2009. Bone health: Part 2, physical activity. Sports Health 1:341–346.

Martin, A. D., and R. G. McCulloch. 1987. Bone dynamics: Stress, strain and fracture. Journal of Sports Sciences 5:155–163.

Paganini-Hill, A., A. Chao, R. K. Ross, and B. E. Henderson. 1991. Exercise and other factors in the prevention of hip fracture: The Leisure World Study. Epidemiology 2:16–25.

Sinake, M. 1988. Exercise and physical therapy. In Osteoporosis: Etiology, diagnosis, and management, ed. B. L. Riggs and L. J. Melton III. New York: Raven Press.

Whedon, G. D. 1984. Disuse osteoporosis: physiological aspects. Calcified Tissue International 36(Supplement 1):S146–S150.

Zhang, P., G. M. Malacinski, and H. Yokota. 2008. Joint loading modality: Its application to bone formation and fracture healing. British Journal of Sports Medicine 42:556–560.

Strength Training and Weight Bearing

Cussler, E. C., T. G. Lohman, S. B. Going, L. B. Houtkooper, L. L. Metcalfe, H. G. Flint-Wagner, R. B. Harris, and P. J. Teixeira. 2003. Weight lifted in strength training predicts bone change in postmenopausal women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35:10–17.

Dalsky, G., K. Stocke, A. Ehsani, E. Slatopolsky, W. Lee, and S. Birge, Jr. 1988. Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine 108:824–828.

Engelke, K., W. Kemmler, D. Lauber, C. Beeskow, R. Pintag, and W. A. Kalender. 2006. Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: A 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 17:133–142.

Fiatarone, M. A., E. C. Marks, N. D. Ryan, C. N. Meredith, L. A. Lipsitz, and W. J. Evans. 1990. High-intensity strength training in nonagenariams: Effects on skeletal muscle. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:3029–3034.

Grove, K. A., and B. R. Londeree. 1992. Bone density in postmenopausal women: High impact vs low impact exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24:1190–1194.

Jessup, J. V., C. Horne, R. K. Vishen, and D. Wheeler. 2003. Effects of exercise on bone density, balance, and self-efficacy in older women. Biological Research for Nursing 4:171–180.

Kemmler, W., K. Engelke, J. Weineck, J. Hensen, and W. A. Kalender. 2003. The Erlangen fitness osteoporosis prevention study: A controlled exercise trial in early postmenopausal women with low bone density—first-year results. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 84:673–682.

Kemmler, W., S. von Stengel, J. Weineck, D. Lauber, W. Kalender, and K. Engelke. 2005. Exercise effects on menopausal risk factors of early postmenopausal women: 3-yr Erlangen fitness osteoporosis prevention study results. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37:194–203.

Pruitt, L. A., R. D. Jackson, R. L. Bartels, and H. J. Lehnhard. 1992. Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7:179–185.

Smith, E. L., Jr., W. Reddan, and P. E. Smith. 1981. Physical activity and calcium modalities for bone mineral increase in aged women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 13:60–64.

Taaffe, D. R., C. Snow-Harter, D. A. Connolly, T. L. Robinson, M. D. Brown, and R. Marcus. 1995. Differential effects of swimming versus weight-bearing activity on bone mineral status of eumenorrheic athletes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 10:586–593.

Tsukahara, N., A. Toda, J. Goto, and I. Ezawa. 1994. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on the effect of water exercise in controlling bone loss in Japanese postmenopausal women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo) 40:37–47.

Vincent, K. R., and R. W. Braith. 2002. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34:17–23.

Weighted Vest Strength Training

Greendale, G. A., G. J. Salem, J. T. Young, M. Damesyn, M. Marion, M. Y. Wang, and D. B. Reuben. 2000. A randomized trial of weighted vest use in ambulatory older adults: Strength, performance, and quality of life outcomes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 48:301–311.

Puthoff, M. L., B. J. Darter, D. H. Nielsen, and H. J. Yack. 2006. The effect of weighted vest walking on metabolic responses and ground reaction forces. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38:746–752.

Shaw, J. M., and C. M. Snow. 1998. Weighted vest exercise improves indices of fall risk in older women. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 53A:M53–M58.

Snow, C. M., J. M. Shaw, K. M. Winters, and K. A. Witzke. 2000. Long-term exercise using weighted vests prevents hip bone loss in postmenopausal women. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences 55A:M489–M491.

Snow-Harter, C., and R. Marcus. 1991. Exercise, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 19:351–388.

Yoga

Balk, J., M. Gluck, L. Bernardo, and J. Catov. 2009. The effect of yoga on markers of bone turnover in osteopenic women: A pilot study. International Journal of Yoga Therapy 19:63–68.

Fishman, L. M. 2009. Yoga for osteoporosis: A pilot study. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation 25:244–250.

Fishman, L., and E. Saltonstall. 2010. Yoga for osteoporosis: The complete guide. New York, Norton.

Greendale, G. A., A. McDivit, A. Carpenter, L. Seeger, and M. H. Huang. 2002. Yoga for women with hyperkyphosis: Results of a pilot study. American Journal of Public Health 92:1611–1614.

Greendale, G. A., M. H. Huang, A. S. Karlamangla, L. Seeger, and S. Crawford. 2009. Yoga decreases kyphosis in senior women and men with adult-onset hyperkyphosis: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 57:1569–1579.

Kamei, T., Y. Toriumi, H. Kimura, S. Ohno, H. Kumano, and K. Kimura. 2000. Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 90:1027–1032.

Phoosuwan, M., T. Kritpet, and P. Yuktanandana. 2009. The effects of weight bearing yoga training on the bone resorption markers of postmenopausal women. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 92(Supplement 5):S102–S108.

West, J., C. Otte, K. Geher, J. Johnson, and D. C. Mohr. 2004. Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect and salivary cortisol. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 28:114–118.

Tai Chi

Chan K., L. Qin, M. Lau, J. Woo, S. Au, W. Choy, K. Lee, and S. Lee. 2004. A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85:717–722.

Harmer, P. A., and F. Li. 2008. Tai Chi and falls prevention in older people. Medicine and Sports Science 52:124–134.

Jin, P. 1989. Changes in heart rate, noradrenaline, cortisol and mood during Tai Chi. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33:197–206.

Lee, M. S., M. H. Pittler, B. C. Shin, and E. Ernst. 2008. Tai Chi for osteoporosis: A systematic review. Osteoporosis International 19:139–146.

Li, F., P. Harmer, K. J. Fisher, E. McAuley, N. Chaumeton, E. Eckstrom, and N. L. Wilson. 2005. Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology A 60:187–194.

Murphy, L., and B. B. Singh. 2008. Effects of 5-form, Yang style Tai Chi on older females who have or are at risk for developing osteoporosis. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 24:311–320.

Qin, L., S. Au, W. Choy, P. Leung, M. Neff, K. Lee, M. Lau, J. Woo, and K. Chan. 2002. Regular Tai Chi Chuan exercise may retard bone loss in postmenopausal women: A case-control study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83:1355–1359.

Qin, L., W. Choy, K. Leung, P. C. Leung, S. Au, W. Hung, M. Dambacher, and K. Chan. 2005. Beneficial effects of regular Tai Chi exercise on musculoskeletal system. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 23:186–190.

Sandlund, E. S., and T. Norlander. 2000. The effects of Tai Chi Chuan relaxation and exercise on stress responses and well-being: An overview of research. International Journal of Stress Management 7:139–149.

Shen, C. L., J. S. Williams, M. C. Chyu, R. L. Paige, A. L. Stephens, K. B. Chauncey, F. R. Prabhu, L. T. Ferris, and J. K. Yeh. 2007. Comparison of the effects of Tai Chi and resistance training on bone metabolism in the elderly: A feasibility study. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 35:369–381.

Song, R., B. L. Roberts, E. O. Lee, P. Lam, and S. C. Bae. 2010. A randomized study of the effects of T’ai Chi on muscle strength, bone mineral density, and fear of falling in women with osteoarthritis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16:227–233.

Tsang, W. W. N., and C. W. Y. Hui-Chan. 2003. Effects of Tai Chi on joint proprioception and stability limits in elderly subjects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35:1962–1971.

Tsang, W. W. N., and C. W. Y. Hui-Chan. 2004. Effect of 4- and 8-wk intensive Tai Chi training on balance control in the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36:648–657.

Wayne, P. M., D. P. Kiel, D. E. Krebs, R. B. Davis, J. Savetsky-German, M. Connelly, and J. E. Buring. 2007. The effects of Tai Chi on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88:673–680.

Wolf, S. L., H. X. Barnhart, N. G. Kutner, E. McNeely, C. Coogler, and T. Xu. 1996. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: An investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 44:489–497.

Woo, J., A. Hong, E. Lau, and H. Lynn. 2007. A randomized controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community-living elderly people. Age and Ageing 36:262–268.

Pilates

Betz, S. R. 2005. Modifying Pilates for clients with osteoporosis. IDEA Fitness Journal, April. Available: http://www.ideafit.com/fitness-library/pilates-osteoporosis.

Kuo, Y. L., E. A. Tully, and M. P. Galea. 2009. Sagittal spinal posture after Pilates-based exercise in healthy older adults. Spine 34:1046–1051.

Return to:

Exercise and bone health

Last Modified: 04/18/2011