Bone health
Bone loss in perimenopause
and menopause—
References & further reading
1 Reginster, J., et al. 2005. Fractures in osteoporosis: The challenge for the new millennium. Osteo. Int., 16 (Suppl. 1), S1–S3. URL (preview): http://www.springerlink.com/content/glrvdbu9cch2yuj1/ (accessed 08.21.2008).
2 Tenenhouse, A., et al. 2000. Estimation of the prevalence of low bone density in Canadian women and men using a population-specific DXA reference standard: The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos. Int., 11 (10), 897–904. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11199195 (accessed 08.21.2008).
Prior, J. 1998. Perimenopause: The complex endocrinology of the menopausal transition. Endocr. Rev., 19 (4), 397–428. URL: http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/4/397 (accessed 08.21.2008).
3 National Institutes of Health. 1994. Consensus Development Conference Statement. National Institute on Aging, Washington, DC. URL: http://consensus.nih.gov/1994/1994OptimalCalcium097html.htm (accessed 07.22.2008).
4 Lips, P., et al. 2001. A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: Baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86 (3), 1212–1221. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/3/1212 (accessed 07.22.2008).
Lukert, B., et al. 1992. Menopausal bone loss is partially regulated by dietary intake of vitamin D. Calcif. Tissue Int., 51 (3), 173–179. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1422960 (accessed 07.22.2008).
5 Brown, Susan. 2000. Better Bones, Better Body, 101. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing.
6 Cannell, J., et al. Vitamin D Scientists’ Call to Action Statement. Documentation from the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vitamin D Deficiency Seminar. April 9, 2008, San Diego, CA. URL: www.grassrootshealth.org/documentation/scientistscall.php (accessed 07.22.2008).
7 Macdonald, H., et al. 2008. Vitamin K1 intake is associated with higher bone mineral density and reduced bone resorption in early postmenopausal Scottish women: No evidence of gene–nutrient interaction with apolipoprotein E polymorphisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (5), 1513–1520. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18469278 (accessed 07.22.2008).
Booth, S., et al. 2003. Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77 (2), 512–516. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/2/512 (accessed 07.22.2008).
8 Lukacs, J., et al. 2006. Differential associations for menopause and age in measures of vitamin K, osteocalcin, and bone density: A cross-sectional exploratory study in healthy volunteers. Menopause, 13 (5), 799–808. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16912661 (accessed 08.21.2008).
9 Yasui, T., et al. 2006. Change in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in bilaterally oophorectomized women. Maturitas, 56 (3), 288–296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030103 (accessed 07.22.2008).
10 Engelke, K., et al. 2006. Exercise maintains bone density at spine and hip EFOPS: A 3-year longitudinal study in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos. Int., 17 (1), 133–142. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096715 (accessed 07.22.2008).
11 Pruitt, L. et al. 1992. Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Res, 7 (2), 179–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1570762 (accessed 07.22.2008).
12 Civitelli, R., et al. 1988. Effects of one-year treatment with estrogens on bone mass, intestinal calcium absorption, and 25–hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase reserve in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int., 42 (2), 77–86. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3127028 (accessed 07.22.2008).
Gallagher, J., et al. 1980. Effect of estrogen on calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 51 (6), 1359–1364. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6255005 (accessed 07.22.2008).
13 Brown, S. 2000. Better Bones, Better Body, 188. Los Angeles: Keats Publishing.
14 Gallagher, J. 2008. Advances in bone biology and new treatments for bone loss. Maturitas, 60 (1), 65–69. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18555623 (accessed 07.22.2008).
15 Prior, J. 1998.
16 Macdonald, H., et al. 2004. Nutritional associations with bone loss during the menopausal transition: Evidence of a beneficial effect of calcium, alcohol, and fruit and vegetable nutrients and of a detrimental effect of fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79 (1), 155–165. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/155 (accessed 07.22.2008).
17 Quinkler, M., et al. 2008. Progesterone is extensively metabolized in osteoblasts: Implications for progesterone action on bone. Horm. Metab. Res., 40 (10), 679–684. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537080 (accessed 08.18.2008).
Lydeking–Olsen, E., et al. 2004. Soymilk or progesterone for prevention of bone loss — a 2-year randomized, placebo–controlled trial. Eur. J. Nutr., 43 (4), 246–257. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15309425 (accessed 08.21.2008).
Liang, M., et al. 2003. Effects of progesterone and 18-methyl levonorgestrel on osteoblastic cells. Endocr. Res., 29 (4), 483–501. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14682477 (accessed 08.21.2008).
Prior, J. 1990. Progesterone as a bone-trophic hormone. Endocr. Rev., 11 (2), 386–398. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2194787 (accessed 07.22.2008).
18 Azizi, G., et al. 2003. Effect of micronized progesterone on bone turnover in postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy. Endocr. Res., 29 (2), 133–140. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12856800 (accessed 08.21.2008).
Leonetti, H., et al. 1999. Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet. Gynecol., 94 (2), 225–228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432132 (accessed 08.21.2008).
19 Sun, L., et al. 2006. FSH directly regulates bone mass. Cell, 125 (2), 247–260. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630814 (accessed 08.21.2008).
20 Ravn, P., et al. 1999. Low body mass index is an important risk factor for low bone mass and increased bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Early Postmenopausal Intervention Cohort (EPIC) study group. J. Bone Miner. Res., 14 (9), 1622–1627. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469292 (accessed 07.22.2008).
21 Shapess, S. 2001. Chapter 30. Weight loss and the skeleton. In Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis, eds. P. Burckhardt, B. Dawson–Hughes, & R. Heaney. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
22 Macdonald, H., et al. 2005. Influence of weight and weight change on bone loss in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal Scottish women. Osteoporosis Int., 16 (2), 163–171. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15185065 (accessed 07.22.2008).
23 McCormick, K. 2007. Osteoporosis: Integrating biomarkers and other diagnostic correlates into the management of bone fragility. Review article. Alt. Med. Rev., 12 (2), 113–145. URL (PDF): www.thorne.com/media/Osteoporosis_2.pdf (accessed 08.21.2008).
24 McCormick, K. 2007.
25 Pereira, R., et al. 2002. Effects of cortisol and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on stromal cell differentation: Correlation with CCAAT–enhancer binding protein expression.
Bone, 30 (5), 685–691. URL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11996905 (accessed 07.22.2008).
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Bone loss in perimenopause and menopause
Original Publication Date: 01/21/2009
Last Modified: 08/17/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet