Bone health
Bone health across the lifespan —
References & further reading
1 Thompson, T. 2004. Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the Surgeon General. US Department of Health and Human Services. URL: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/content.html (accessed 10.20.2008).
2 National Osteoporosis Foundation. 2002. America’s Bone health: The state of osteoporosis and low bone mass in our nation. URL: http://www.nof.org/advocacy/prevalence/ (accessed 10.20.2008).
3 Cummings, S., & Melton, L. 2002. Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet, 359 (9319), 1761-1767. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049882 (accessed 10.18.2008).
4 Zingmond, D., et al. 2004. Increasing hip fracture incidence in California Hispanics, 1983 to 2000. Osteoporos. Int., 15 (8), 603–610. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15004666 (accessed 10.18.2008).
5 Khosla, S., et al. 2003. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years. JAMA, 290 (11), 1479–1485. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/290/11/1479 (accessed 10.23.2008).
[No author listed.] 2002. Osteoporosis may threaten young women. URL: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/07/020731081716.htm (accessed 10.23.2008).
Adapted from Brown, S. 2000. Better bones at every age. Let’s Live Magazine, October.
6 Center for Craniofacial Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/craniofacial/Home/Index.cfm.
7 First Nations, Inuit and Metis Health Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society. 2007. Vitamin D supplementation: Recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 12 (7), 583-589. URL: http://www.cps.ca/English/statements/II/FNIM07-01.htm (accessed 10.20.2008).
Basile, L., et al. 2006. The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D levels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infants. Breastfeed. Med., 1 (1), 27-35. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17661558 (accessed 10.20.2008).
Hollis, B., & Wagner, C. 2004. Vitamin D requirements during lactation: High-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 80 (6 Suppl.), 1752S-1858S. URL: http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/80/6/1752S (accessed 10.20.2008).
8 Jones, G., et al. 2000. Maternal diet during pregnancy is associated with bone mineral density in children: A longitudinal study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54 (10), 749-756. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11083482 (accessed 10.20.2008).
9 Jones, G., et al. 2000. Breastfeeding in early life and bone mass in prepubertal children: A longitudinal study. Osteoporos. Int., 11 (2), 146-152. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793873 (accessed 10.21.2008).
10 First Nations, Inuit and Metis Health Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society. 2007. Vitamin D supplementation: Recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 12 (7), 583-589. URL: http://www.cps.ca/English/statements/II/FNIM07-01.htm (accessed 10.20.2008).
11 Anderson J., & Metz, J. 1993. Contributions of dietary calcium and physical activity to primary prevention of osteoporosis in females. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 12 (4), 378-383. Review. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8409099 (accessed 10.21.2008).
12 Moshfegh, A., et al. 2005. What we eat in America, NHANES 2001-2002: Usual nutrient intakes from food compared to Dietary Reference Intakes. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. URL (PDF): http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/usualintaketables2001-02.pdf (accessed 10.21.2008.)
13 Misra, M., & Klibanski, A. 2006. Anorexia nervosa and osteoporosis. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord., 7 (1–2), 91–99. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16972186 (accessed 10.23.2008).
Rivera–Gallardo, M. 2005. [Eating disorders as risk factors for osteoporosis.] Salud Publica Mex., 47 (4), 308–318.
14 Wyshak, G. 2000. Teenage girls, carbonated beverage consumption and bone fractures. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 154 (6), 610-613. URL: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/154/6/610 (accessed 10.21.2008).
Wyshak, G., & Frisch, R. 1994. Carbonated beverages, dietary calcium, the dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio, and bone fractures in girls and boys. J. Adolesc. Health, 15 (3), 210–215. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8075091 (accessed 10.21.2008).
15 Dawson-Hughes, B., et al. 2008. Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (3), 662-665. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18326605 (accessed 10.21.2008).
Sabastian, A., et al. 1994. Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. NEJM, 330 (25), 1776-1781. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/330/25/1776 (accessed 10.21.2008).
16 Macdonald, H., et al. 2008. Vitamin K intake is associated with higher bone mineral density and reduced bone breakdown in early postmenopausal Scottish women. No evidence of gene–nutrient interaction with apolipoprotein E polymorphisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 87 (5), 1513–1520. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18469278 (accessed 10.21.2008).
17 Yasui, T., et al. 2007. Change in serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin concentration in bilaterally oophorectomized women. Maturitas, 56 (3), 288-296. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030103 (accessed 10.22.2008).
18 Kemmler, W., et al. 2005. Exercise effects on menopause risk factors of early postmenopausal women: 3-yr Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study results. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 37 (2), 194–203. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692313 (accessed 10.22.2008).
Pruitt, L., et al. 1992. Weight-training effects on bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. J. Bone Min. Res., 7 179–185. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1570762 (accessed 10.22.2008).
19 Looker, A., et al. 1997. Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older US adults from NHANES III. J. Bone Min. Res., 12 (11), 1761–1768. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9383679 (accessed 10.22.2008).
20 Tenenhouse, A., et al., and the CaMos Research Group. 2000. Estimation of the prevalence of low bone density in Canadian women and men using a population-specific DXA reference standard: The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos. Int., 11 (10), 897–904. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11199195 (accessed 10.21.2008).
21 Nelson M., et al. 1994. Effects of high-intensity strength training on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 272 (24), 1909-1914. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7990242 (accessed 10.21.2008).
22 American College of Rheumatology. 1996. Treatment of Steroid-Induced Osteoporosis Acr Task Force on Osteoporosis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum., 39 (11), 1791-1801. URL: http://www.rheumatology.org/publications/guidelines/osteo/osteo.asp (accessed 10.21.2008).
23 Looker, A., et al. 1997.
24 Dennison, E., et al. 2005. Diagnosis and epidemiology of osteoporosis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 17 (4), 456-561. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956843 (accessed 10.22.2008).
25 Heaney, R. 2006. Barriers to optimizing vitamin D3 intake for the elderly. J. Nutr., 136 (4), 1123–1125. URL: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/4/1123 (accessed 10.23.2008).
26 Chapuy, M. et al. 1992. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. NEJM, 327 (23), 1637–1642. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1331788 (accessed 10.23.2008).
27 Mocanu, V., et al. 2005. Long-term effects of giving nursing home residents bread fortified with 125 mcg vitamin D3 per daily serving. Presented at the American Society for Bone Mineral Research 27th Annual Meeting, Nashville.
28 Brown, S. 2008. Vitamin D and fracture reduction: An evaluation of the existing research. Alt. Med. Rev., 13 (1), 21-33. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/13/1/21.pdf (accessed 10.23.2008).
29 Simkin, B. 2002. Even frail elderly patients can benefit from exercise. Geriatric Times, 3 (4). URL: http://www.cmellc.com/geriatrictimes/g020831.html (accessed 10.23.2008).
Kannus, P. 1999. Preventing osteoporosis, falls, and fractures among elderly people. Promotion of lifelong physical activity is essential. Editorial. BMJ, 318 (7178), 205–206. URL: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7178/205 (accessed 10.23.2008)
Ernst, E. 1998. Exercise for female osteoporosis. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Sports Med., 25 (6), 359–368. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9680658 (accessed 10.23.2008).
Henderson, N., et al. 1998. The roles of exercise and fall risk reduction in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 27 (2), 369–387. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9669143 (accessed 10.23.2008).
Joakimsen, R., et al. 1997. Physical activity and predisposition for hip fractures: A review. Osteoporos. Int., 7 (6), 503–513. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9604045 (accessed 10.23.2008).
Gutin, B., & Kasper, M. 1992. Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review. Osteoporos. Int., 2 (2), 55–69. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1536981 (accessed 10.23.2008).
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Bone health across the lifespan
Original Publication Date: 01/16/2009
Last Modified: 08/17/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet