Hormone replacement therapy
New findings on the Women’s Health Initiative — References & further reading
1 Hodis, H. 2008. Assessing benefits and risks of hormone therapy in 2008: New evidence, especially with regard to the heart. Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 75 (Suppl. 4), S3–S12. URL: http://www.ccjm.org/content/75/Suppl_4/S3.long (accessed 02.11.2009).
2 Encyclopedia — DukeHealth.org. URL: http://dukehealthsystem.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=10&pid=10&gid=000091 (accessed 02.11.2009).
3 Hofling, M., et al. 2007. Testosterone inhibits estrogen/progestogen-induced breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause, 14 (2), 183–190. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17108847 (accessed 02.11.2009).
See also:
Ness, R., et al. 2009. Influence of estrogen plus testosterone supplementation on breast cancer. Arch. Intern. Med., 169 (1), 41–46. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139322 (accessed 02.27.2009).
4 Crandall, C., et al. 2008. Increases in serum estrone sulfate level are associated with increased mammographic density during menopausal hormone therapy. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 17 (7), 1674–1681. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18628419 (accessed 02.11.2009).
5 Ursin, G., et al. 2004. Post-treatment change in serum estrone predicts mammographic percent density changes in women who received combination estrogen and progestin in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. J. Clin. Oncol., 22 (14), 2842-2848. URL (abstract); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254051 (accessed 02.11.2009).
6 Espeland, M., et al. 2004. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA, 291 (24), 2959–2968. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/24/2959 (accessed 02.11.2009).
Shumaker, S., et al. 2004. Conjugated equine estrogens and the incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA, 291 (24), 2947–2958. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/291/24/2947 (accessed 02.11.2009).
Shumaker, S., et al. 2003. Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 289 (20), 2651–2662. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/289/20/2651 (accessed 02.11.2009).
7 Henderson, V., et al. 2005. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Alzheimer’s disease risk: Interaction with age. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 76 (1), 103–105. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1739309&blobtype=pdf (accessed 02.11.2009).
8 Smith, N., et al. 2008. Effect of progestogen and progestogen type on hemostasis measures in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention (PEPI) Study. Menopause, 15 (6), 1145–1150. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19186375 (accessed 02.11.2009).
Barrett–Connnor, E., et al. 1997. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study: Primary outcomes in adherent women. Maturitas, 27 (3), 261–274. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9288699 (accessed 02.11.2009).
9 Godsland, I. 2001. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: Analysis of studies published from 1974–2000. Fertil. Steril., 75 (5), 898-915. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334901 (accessed 02.11.2009).
10 Canonico, M., et al. 2007. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: Impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: The ESTHER study. Circulation, 115 (7), 840–845. URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/115/7/840 (accessed 02.11.2009).
11 Stefanick, M., et al. 2006. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA, 295 (14), 1647–1657. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/295/14/1647 (accessed 03.30.2009).
12 Chlebowski, R., et al. 2003. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: The Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA, 289 (24), 3243-3253. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/289/24/3243 (accessed 03.30.2009).
13 Brinton, L., et al. 2008. Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 17 (11), 3150–3156. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990757 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Lee, S., et al. 2006. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort. Int. J. Cancer, 118 (5), 1285–1291. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16170777 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Ewertz, M., et al. 2005. Hormone use for menopausal symptoms and risk of breast cancer. A Danish cohort study. Br. J. Cancer, 92 (7), 1293–1297. URL: http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v92/n7/abs/6602472a.html (accessed 04.20.2009).
Bakken, K., et al. 2004. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of hormone-dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study. Int. J. Cancer, 112 (1), 130–134. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305384 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Stahlberg, C., et al. 2004. Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe. Int. J. Cancer, 109 (5), 721–727. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999781 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Beral, V. 2003. Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet, 362 (9382), 419–427. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12927427 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Newcomb, P., et al. 2002. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 11 (7), 593–600. URL (abstract): http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/7/593 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Magnusson, C., et al. 1999. Breast-cancer risk following long-term oestrogen- and oestrogen-progestin-replacement therapy. Int. J. Cancer, 81, 339–344. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10209946 (accessed 04.20.2009).
Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. 1997. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: Collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemic logical studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet, 350 (9084), 1047–1059. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10213546 (accessed 03.30.2009).
14 Fournier, A., et al. 2008. Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: Results from the E3N cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 107 (1), 103–111. URL (PDF): http://www.springerlink.com/content/x2uu758471t00635/fulltext.pdf (accessed 03.26.2009).
15 Mørch, L., et al. 2009. Hormone therapy and ovarian cancer. JAMA, 203 (3), 298–305. URL (abstract): http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/3/298 (accessed 07.20.2009).
16 Heiss G, et al., WHI Investigators. 2008. Health risks and benefits 3 years after stopping randomized treatment with estrogen and progestin. JAMA, 299 (9), 1036-1045. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18319414 (accessed 06.29.2009).
Stein, R. 2008. Study finds risk of cancer persists after therapy ends. Washington Post. URL: http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/03/05/hormones0305.html (accessed 06.18.2009).
Tanner, L. 2008. Follow-up of landmark hormone study finds new cancers arise. URL: http://www.ajc.com/services/content/health/stories/2008/03/05/hormone_0305.html?cxntlid=inform_artr (accessed 06.29.2009).
17 Koomen, E., et al. 2009. Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study. Ann. Oncol., 20 (2), 358–364. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593232 (accessed 08.11.2009).
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New findings on HRT since the Women’s Health Initiative — an individual approach is best
Original Publication Date: 02/27/2009
Last Modified: 09/01/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet