Hormone replacement therapy
Hormone therapy risks and benefits — References & further reading
1 Sites, C., et al. 2005. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on body composition, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95 (5), 2701–2707. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/90/5/2701 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Fitzpatrick, L., et al. 2000. Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional survey. Women’s Health Gend. Based Med., 9 (4), 381–387. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10868610 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Rosano, G., et al. 2000. Natural progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone acetate, enhances the beneficial effect of estrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 36 (7), 2154–2159. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11127455 (accessed 02.05.2009).
No authors listed. 1995. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA, 273, 199-208. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807658 (accessed 02.24.2009).
2 Modena, M., et al. 2005. New evidence regarding hormone replacement therapies is urgently required; transdermal postmenopausal hormone therapy differs from oral hormone therapy in risks and benefits. Maturitas, 52 (1), 1–10. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963666 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Minkin, M. 2004. Considerations in the choice of oral vs. transdermal hormone therapy: A review. J. Reprod. Med., 49 (4), 311–320. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15134159 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Vongpatanasin, W., et al. 2003. Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 41 (8), 1358–1363. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12706932 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Godsland, I. 2001. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (a) concentrations: Analysis of studies published from 1974–2000. Fertil. Steril., 75 (5), 898–915. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11334901 (accessed 02.05.2009).
3 Fox, M. 2009. Study makes stronger case HRT causes breast cancer. URL: http://uk.reuters.com/article/healthNewsMolt/idUKTRE5137DP20090204 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Chlebowski, R., et al. 2009. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. NEJM, 360 (6), 573–587. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/6/573 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Chlebowski, R., & Prentice, R. 2008. Menopausal hormone therapy in BRCA1 mutation carriers: Uncertainty and caution. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 100 (19), 1341–1343. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/19/1341 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Eisen, A., et al. 2008. Hormone therapy and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 100 (19),1361-1367. URL: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/100/19/1361 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Grant, C. 2008. Hormone replacement therapy. Irresponsible to modify current guidelines. Letters. BMJ, 337, a1494.URL (extract): http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/sep03_3/a1494 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Micheletti, M–C., & Chevalier, T. 2007. Letter by Micheletti & Chevallier regarding article, “Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: Impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: The ESTHER study.” Circulation, 116 (13), e362. URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/116/13/e362 (accessed 02.05.2009).
4 Altman, A. 2008. Postmenopausal hormone therapy updates. Women’s Health Care: Pract. J. Nurse Practit., 7 (10), 7–15.
5 Holtorf, K. 2009. The bioidentical hormone debate: Are bioidentical hormones (estradiol, estriol, and progesterone) safer or more efficacious than commonly used synthetic versions in hormone replacement therapy? Postgrad. Med., 121 (1), 73–85. URL (abstract) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179815 (accessed 02.24.2009).
L’hermite, M., et al. 2008. Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas, 60 (3–4), 185–201. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775609 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Moskowitz, D. 2006. A comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of bioidentical hormones for the management of menopause and related health risks. Altern. Med. Rev., 11 (3), 208–223. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/3/208.pdf (accessed 02.24.2009).
Fournier, A., et al. 2005. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort. Int. J. Cancer, 114 (3), 448-454. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15551359 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Gibson, C., & Murphy, S. 2004. Progesterone enhances functional recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion in male mice. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 24 (7), 805-813. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241189 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Grossman, K., et al. 2004. Effects of progesterone on the inflammatory response to brain injury in the rat. Brain Res., 1008, 29-39. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15081379 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Schumacher, M., et al. 2004. Local synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: Neuroprotection and myelination. Growth Horm. IGF Res., 14 (Suppl. A), S18-S33. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15135772 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Hermsmeyer, R., et al. 2004. Prevention of coronary hyperreactivity in preatherogenic menopausal rhesus monkeys by transdermal progesterone. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 24 (5), 955–961. URL: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15031127 (accessed 09.01.2009).
Stephenson, K., et al. 2004. Progesterone cream does not increase thrombotic and inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women. Blood, 104,16. URL: http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/5/955 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Liang, M., et al. 2003. Effects of progesterone and 18-methyl levonorgestrel on osteoblastic cells. Endocr. Res., 29 (4), 483-501. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14682477 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Lippert, C., et al. 2003. The effect of endogenous estradiol metabolites on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Life Sci., 72 (1), 877-883. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493568 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Carmody, B., et al. 2002. Progesterone inhibits human infragenicular arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by high glucose and insulin concentrations. J. Vasc. Surg., 36 (4), 833-838. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368746 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Tsuda, K., et al. 2002. Synergistic role of progesterone and nitric oxide in the regulation of membrane fluidity of erythrocytes in humans: An electron paramagnetic resonance investigation. Am. J. Hypertens., 15 (8), 702-708. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12160193 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Molinari, C., et al. 2001. Effect of progesterone on peripheral blood flow in prepubertal female anesthetized pigs. J. Vasc. Res., 38 (6), 569-577. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11740156 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Montplaisir, J., et al. 2001. Sleep in menopause: Differential effects of two forms of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause, 8 (1), 10–16. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11201509 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Otsuki, M., et al. 2001. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 21 (2), 243–248. URL (PDF): http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/2/243 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Ryan, N., & Rosner, A. 2001. Quality of life and costs associated with micronized progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in hormone replacement therapy for nonhysterectomized, postmenopausal women. Clin. Ther., 23, 1099–1115. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519773 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Baulieu, E., & Schumacher, M. 2000. Progesterone as a neuroactive neurosteroid, with special reference to the effect of progesterone on myelination. Steroids, 65 (10–11), 605-612. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11108866 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Desreux, J., et al. 2000. Progesterone receptor activation – an alternative to SERMs in breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer, 36, S90-S91. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11056336 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Malet, C., et al. 2000. Progesterone effect on cell growth, ultrastructural aspect and estradiol receptors of normal human breast epithelial (HBE) cells in culture. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 73 (3–4), 171-181. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10925217 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Schmidt, I., et al. 2000. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on tibia histomorphometry in growing rats. Calcif. Tissue Int., 67, 47-52. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908413 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Cheng, W., et al. 1999. Two antiatherogenic effects of progesterone on human macrophages; inhibition of cholesteryl ester synthesis and block of its enhancement by glucocorticoids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 84 (1), 265-271. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/84/1/265 (accessed 02.24.2009).
de Lignieres, B. 1999. Oral micronized progesterone. Clin. Ther., 21 (1), 41-60; discussion 1-2. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10090424 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Leonetti, H., et al. 1999. Transdermal progesterone cream for vasomotor symptoms and postmenopausal bone loss. Obstet. Gynecol., 94 (2), 225-228. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10432132 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Warren, M., et al. 1999. A new clinical option for hormone replacement therapy in women with secondary amenorrhea: Effects of cyclic administration of progesterone from the sustained-release vaginal gel Crinone (4% and 8%) on endometrial morphologic features and withdrawal bleeding. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 180 (1 Pt. 1), 42-48. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9914576 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Dubey, R., et al. 1998. 17-Beta-estradiol, its metabolites, and progesterone inhibit cardiac fibroblast growth. Hypertension, 31 (1 Pt. 2), 522-528. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9453356 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Head, K. 1998. Estriol: Safety and efficacy. Altern. Med. Rev., 3 (2), 101-113. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/3/2/101.pdf (accessed 02.24.2009).
Minshall, R., et al. 1998. Ovarian steroid protection against coronary artery hyperreactivity in rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (2), 649-659. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/2/649 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Suvanto–Luukkonen, E., et al. 1998. Lipid effects of an intrauterine levonorgestrel device or oral vs. vaginal natural progesterone in post-menopausal women treated with percutaneous estradiol. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 261 (4), 201-208. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9789651 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Yamamoto, Y., et al. 1998. Effects of progestins on the metabolism of cancellous bone in aged oophorectomized rats. Bone, 22 (5), 533-537. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9600788 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Lee, W., et al. 1997. Progesterone inhibits arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Nat. Med., 3 (9), 1005-1008. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9288727 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Miyagawa, K., et al. 1997. Medroxyprogesterone interferes with ovarian steroid protection against coronary vasospasm. Nat. Med., 3 (3), 324-327. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9055861 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Bowman, B., & Miller, S. 1996. Elevated progesterone during pseudopregnancy may prevent bone loss associated with low estrogen. J. Bone Miner. Res., 11 (1), 15-21. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8770692 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Oelkers, W. 1996. Effects of estrogens and progestogens on the rennin–aldosterone system and blood pressure. Steroids, 61 (4), 166-171. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8732994 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Wang, C., et al. 1996. Sublingual testosterone replacement improves muscle mass and strength, decreases bone resorption, and increases bone formation markers in hypogonadal men — a clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 81 (10), 3654-3662. URL (PDF): http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/81/10/3654 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Fujimaki, T., et al. 1995. Effects of progesterone on the metabolism of cancellous bone in young oophorectomized rats. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 21 (1), 31-36. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8591108 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Hargrove, J., & Osteen, K. 1995. An alternative method of hormone replacement therapy using the natural sex steroids. Infertility Reprod. Med. Clin. North Am., 79 (6), 653-674.
[No authors listed.] 1995. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA, 273, 199-208. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807658 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Chambon, Y. 1993. Synergism and antagonism between estrogens and progestins: An update. Bull. Acad. Natl. Med., 177 (2), 177-186. [Article in French.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8353772 (accessed 02.24.2009).
van der Linden, M., et al. 1993. The effect of estriol on the cytology of urethra and vagina in postmenopausal women with genitourinary symptoms. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 51 (1), 29-33. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8282140 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Orwoll, E., et al. 1991. Androgen receptors in osteoblast-like cell lines. Calcif. Tissue Int., 49 (3), 183-187. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1933584 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Barengolts, E., et al. 1990. Effects of progesterone on postovariectomy bone loss in aged rats. J. Bone Miner. Res., 5 (11), 1143-1147. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270778 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Hargrove, J., et al. 1989. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy with continuous daily oral micronized estradiol and progesterone. Obstet. Gynecol., 73 (4), 606–612. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2538787 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Heimer, G. 1987. Estriol in the postmenopause. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 139, 1-23. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3475930 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Sitruk–Ware, R., et al. 1987. Oral micronized progesterone. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological and therapeutic implications – a review. Contraception, 36, 373-402. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3327648 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Ottosson, U., et al. 1986. Estrogen induction of liver proteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: Comparison between estradiol valerate and ethinyl estradiol. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 22 (4), 198-205. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3817605 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Rylance, P., et al. 1985. Natural progesterone and antihypertensive action. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 290 (6461), 13-14. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368746 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Ottosson, U. 1984. Oral progesterone and estrogen/progestogen therapy. Effects of natural and synthetic hormones on subfractions of HDL cholesterol and liver proteins. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. Suppl., 127, 1-37. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6596830 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Burnett, C., & Reddi, A. 1983. Influence of estrogen and progesterone on matrix-induced endochondral bone formation. Calcif. Tissue Int., 35 (3–4), 609-614. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6616325 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Fåhraeus, L., et al. 1983. L-norgestrel and progesterone have different influences on plasma lipoproteins. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 13, 447-453. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6416861 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Mashchak, C., et al. 1982. Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 144 (5), 511-518. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291391 (accessed 02.24.2009).
van der Vies, J. 1982. The pharmacology of oestriol. Maturitas, 4 (4), 291-299. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7169963 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Lemon, H. 1980. Pathophysiologic considerations in the treatment of menopausal patients with oestrogens; the role of oestriol in the prevention of mammary carcinoma. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh.), 233, 17-27. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6996403 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Follingstad, A. 1978. Estriol, the forgotten estrogen? JAMA, 239 (1), 29-30. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368746 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Toy, J., et al. 1978. The comparative effects of a synthetic and a “natural” oestrogen on the haemostatic mechanism in patients with primary amenorrhoea. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 85 (5), 359-362. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/646969 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Beck, P. 1977. Effect of progestins on glucose and lipid metabolism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 286, 434-445. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/102234 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Lemon, H. 1975. Estriol prevention of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and procarbazine. Cancer Res., 35 (5), 1341-1353. URL: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/5/1341 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Lemon, H., et al. 1966. Reduced estriol excretion in patients with breast cancer prior to endocrine therapy. JAMA, 196, 1128-1136. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368746 (accessed 02.24.2009).
Armstrong, J. 1959. Hypotensive action of progesterone in experimental and human hypertension. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 102, 452-455. URL (no abstract available): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368746 (accessed 02.24.2009).
6 Altman, A., et al. 2008. Charting a course through changing tides: An evidence-based examination of hormone therapy in women’s health. Slide 37. University of North Texas Health Science Center Professional and Continuing Education.
References for text box — “Potential risks and side effects of HRT”
1 Grant, C. 2008. Hormone replacement therapy. Irresponsible to modify current guidelines. Letters. BMJ, 337, a1494. URL (extract): http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/337/sep03_3/a1494 (accessed 02.05.2009).
2 Ursin, G., et al. 2004. Post-treatment change in serum estrone predicts mammographic percent density changes in women who received combination estrogen and progestin in the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. J. Clin. Oncol., 22 (14), 2842–2848. URL: http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/reprint/22/14/2842 (accessed 02.05.2009).
See also:
Allday, E. 2008. Study: Hormone therapy impedes cancer tests. URL: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2008/02/26/MNAUV8HCQ.DTL (accessed 02.26.2008).
3 Chlebowski, R., et al. 2009. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. NEJM, 360 (6), 573–587. URL: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/360/6/573 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Mørch, L., et al. 2009. Hormone therapy and ovarian cancer. JAMA, 203 (3), 298–305. URL (abstract): http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/3/298 (accessed 07.20.2009).
Heiss G., et al., WHI Investigators. 2008. Health risks and benefits 3 years after stopping randomized treatment with estrogen and progestin. JAMA, 299 (9), 1036–1045. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18319414 (accessed 06.29.2009).
Stein, R. 2008. Study finds risk of cancer persists after therapy ends. Washington Post. URL: http://www.ajc.com/services/content/printedition/2008/03/05/hormones0305.html (accessed 06.18.2009).
Tanner, L. 2008. Follow-up of landmark hormone study finds new cancers arise. URL: http://www.ajc.com/services/content/health/stories/2008/03/05/hormone_0305.html?cxntlid=inform_artr (accessed 06.29.2009).
4 Koomen, E., et al. 2009. Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: A population-based case-control study. Ann. Oncol., 20 (2), 358–364. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19593232 (accessed 08.11.2009).
5 Hulley, S., et al. 2002. Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA, 288 (1), 58-64. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/288/1/58 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Grady, D., et al. 2002. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Follow-Up (HERS II). JAMA, 288 (1), 49–57. URL: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/288/1/49 (accessed 02.05.2009).
6 Simon, J., et al. 2001. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on risk for biliary tract surgery in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Ann. Int. Med., 135 (7), 493-501. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11578152 (accessed 02.05.2009).
7 Canonico, M., et al. 2007. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: Impact of the route of administration and progestogens: The ESTHER study. Circulation, 115, 840–845. URL: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/115/7/840 (accessed 02.05.2009)/p>
Grady, D., et al. 2000. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease: The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Ann. Int. Med., 132 (9), 689–696. URL (PDF): http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/132/9/689.pdf (accessed 02.05.2009).
8 Sites, C., et al. 2005. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on body composition, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in menopausal women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 95 (5), 2701–2707. URL: http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/90/5/2701 (accessed 02.05.2009).
9 Resnick, S., et al. 2009. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and regional brain volumes: The WHIMS–MRI Study. Neurology, 72 (2), 135–142. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139364 (accessed 02.05.2009).
Craig, M., et al. 2005. The Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS): Findings and implications for treatment. Lancet Neurol., 4 (3), 190–194. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15721829 (accessed 02.05.2009).
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Our perspective on the risks of HRT
Original Publication Date: 03/02/2009
Last Modified: 09/02/2009
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet