Adrenal fatigue

Phytotherapy and other natural support for adrenal imbalance — References and further reading

¹ Caffeine Awareness Alliance. 2006. Caffeine and the adrenal glands. URL: http://www.caffeineawareness.org/forum/adrenal_glands.html (accessed 07.21.2009).

Lovallo, W., et al. 2005. Caffeine stimulation of cortisol secretion across the waking hours in relation to caffeine intake levels. Psychosom. Med., 67 (5), 734–739. URL: http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/full/67/5/734 (accessed 08.11.2009).

² Wilson, J. 2001. Adrenal Fatigue: The 21st Century Syndrome., 156. Petaluma, CA: Smart Publications.

³ [No author listed.] 2005. Eleutherococcus senticosus monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 11 (2), 151-155.URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/2/151.pdf (accessed 07.24.2009).

⁴ Panossian, A., et al. 2009. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine, 16 (6–7), 617–622. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188053 (accessed 03.12.2009).

⁵ Gaffney, B., et al. 2001. Panax ginseng and Eleutherococcus senticosus may exaggerate an already existing biphasic response to stress via inhibition of enzymes which limit the binding of stress hormones to their receptors. Med. Hypotheses, 56 (5), 567–572. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11388770 (accessed 03.12.2009).

⁶ Roxas, M., & Jurenka, J. 2007. Colds and influenza: A review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 12 (1), 25-48. Review. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/1/25.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

[No author listed.] 2006. Monograph. Eleutherococcus senticosus. Altern. Med. Rev, 11 (2), 151–155. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/2/151.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Narimanian, M., et al. 2005. Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine, 12 (10), 723–729. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16323290 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Narimanian, M., et al. 2005. Randomized trial of a fixed combination (Kan Jang) of herbal extracts containing Adhatoda vasica, Echinacea purpurea and Eleutherococcus senticosus in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Phytomedicine, 12 (8), 539–547. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121513 (accessed 03.12.2009).

⁷ Chen, T., et al. 2008. Antioxidant evaluation of three adaptogenic extracts. Am. J. Chin. Med., 36 (6), 1209–1217. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051347 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Jung, C., et al. 2007. Eleutherococcus senticosus extract attenuates LPS-induced iNOS expression through the inhibition of Akt and JNK pathways in murine macrophage. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113 (1), 183–187. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17644291 (accessed 03.12.2009).

⁸ Bocharov, E., et al. 2008. [Neuroprotective features of phytoadaptogens.] Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk. (4), 47–50. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18488457 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Soya, H., et al. 2008. Extract from Acanthopanax senticosus Harms (Siberian ginseng) activates NTS and SON/PVN in the rat brain. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 72 (9), 2476-2480. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/72/9/72_2476/_article (accessed 03.12.2009).

Panossian, A., & Wagner, H. 2005. Stimulating effect of adaptogens: An overview with particular reference to their efficacy following single-dose administration. Phytother. Res., 19 (10), 819–838. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16261511 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Arushanian, E., et al. 2003. [Effect of Eleutherococcus on short-term memory and visual perception in healthy humans.] Eskp. Klin. Farmakol., 66 (5), 10–13. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14650206 (accessed 03.12.2009).

⁹ Liu, K., et al. 2008. Release of acetylcholine by syringin, an active principle of Eleutherococcus senticosus, to raise insulin secretion in Wistar rats. Neurosci. Lett., 434 (2), 195–199. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18304730 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Niu, H., et al. 2008. Hypoglycemic effect of syringin from Eleutherococcus senticosus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med., 74 (2), 109-113. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203055 (accessed 03.12.2009).

¹⁰ Hwang, Y., et al. 2009. The effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract on bone turnover and bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women. J. Bone Miner. Metab. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19452124 (accessed 05.26.2009).

¹¹ Kuo, Y., et al. 2009. Astragalus membranaceus flavonoids (AMF) ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome induced by food intake restriction plus forced swimming. J. Ethnopharmacol., 122 (1), 28–34. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19103273 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Cho, W., & Leung, K. 2007. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulating and immunorestorative effects of Astragalus membranaceus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 113 (1), 132–141. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17611061 (accessed 03.12.2009).

¹² Wang, S., et al. 2009. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities of astragaloside IV isolated from radix Astragali. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 32 (1), 132-135. URL: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/32/1/32_132/_article (accessed 03.10.2009).

Du, Q., et al. 2008. Inhibitory effects of astragaloside IV on ovalbumin-induced chronic experimental asthma. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 86 (7), 449–457. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641694 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Li, R., et al. 2008. [Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide in diabetic mice.] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (2), 166–170. URL (PDF): http://www.jcimjournal.com/articles/publishArticles/pdf/20082261195.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ryu, M., et al. 2008. Astragali Radix elicits anti-inflammation via activation of MKP-1, concomitant with attenuation of p38 and Erk. J. Ethnopharmacol., 115 (2), 184–193. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17996413 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Shen, H., et al. 2008. Astragalus membranaceus prevents airway hyperreactivity in mice related to Th2 response inhibition. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116 (2), 363–369. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226482 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Sun, W., et al. 2008. Protective effect of extract from Paeonia lactiflora and Astragalus membranaceus against liver injury induced by bacillus Calmette–Guérin and lipopolysaccharide in mice. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 103 (2), 143–149. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18816297 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Hu, J., et al. 2007. [Protective effects of Astragaloside and Quercetin on rat myocardial cells after hypoxia.] Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi, 23 (3), 175–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18019054 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Roxas, M., & Jurenka, J. 2007. Colds and influenza: A review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern. Med. Rev., 12 (1), 25-48. Review. URL (PDF): http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/12/1/25.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Xu, H., et al. 2007. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and astragalosides on the phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages. J. Int. Med. Res., 35 (1), 84–90. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408058 (accessed 03.10.2009).

¹³ Mao, X., et al. 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Astragalus membranaceus in diet induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanism. Phytomedicine. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19201177 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Xu, A., et al. 2009. Selective elevation of adiponectin production by the natural compounds derived from a medicinal herb alleviates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese mice. Endocrinology, 150 (2), 625–633. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927219 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Jiang, B., et al. 2008. Astragaloside IV attenuates lipolysis and improves insulin resistance induced by TNFalpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother. Res., 22 (11), 1434–1439. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18972582 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Li, R., et al. 2008. [Immunomodulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide in diabetic mice.] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 6 (2), 166–170. URL (PDF): http://www.jcimjournal.com/articles/publishArticles/pdf/20082261195.pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Peng, X., et al. 2008. [Regulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on the immune disorder in rats with IgA nephropathy.] Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi, 46 (1), 55–60. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353241 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Yuan, W., et al. 2008. Astragaloside IV inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells under high glucose concentration in vitro. Planta Med., 74 (10), 1259–1264. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622899 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Zhang, G., et al. 2008. [Effects of Astragalus on renal tubulointerstitial lesions and expression of NF-kappaB and MCP-1 in renal tissues in rat experimental IgA nephropathy.] Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi, 10 (2), 173–178. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433541 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Li, R., et al. 2007. The immunotherapeutic effects of Astragaluspolysaccharide in type 1 diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30 (3), 470–476. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/30/3/470/_pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Ma, W., et al. 2007. Combined effects of fangchinoline from Stephania tetrandra Radix and formononetin and calycosin from Astragalus membranaceus Radix on hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30 (11), 2079–2083. URL (PDF): http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/30/11/2079/_pdf (accessed 03.12.2009).

Zhang, Z., et al. 2007. [Effect of astragaloside on myocardial fibrosis in chronic myocarditis.] Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 27 (8), 728–731. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879539 (accessed 03.10.2009).

Zhang, Z., et al. 2007. Merit of Astragalus polysaccharide in the improvement of early diabetic nephropathy with an effect on mRNA expressions of NF-kappaB and IkappaB in renal cortex of streptozotoxin-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 114 (3), 387–392. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17900838 (accessed 03.12.2009).

Xu, M., et al. 2006. Effects of astragaloside IV on pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 27 (2), 229-236. URL: http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/27/229.htm (accessed 03.10.2009).

¹⁴ Ji, D., et al. 2009. Antiaging effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract. Phyther. Res., 23 (1), 116–122. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18803231 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Ko, K., & Leung, H. 2007. Enhancement of ATP generation capacity, antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activities by Chinese Yang and Yin tonifying herbs. Chin. Med., 2 (1), 3. URL: http://www.cmjournal.org/content/2/1/3 (accessed 08.12.2009).

Wang, Y., et al. 2004. [An experimental study on anti-aging action of Cordyceps extract.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 29 (8), 773-776. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15506292 (accessed 03.16.2009).

¹⁵ Zhou, X., et al. 2008. Cordycepin is an immunoregulatory active ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. Am. J. Chin. Med., 36 (5), 967–980. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051361 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Yoon, T., et al. 2008. Innate immune stimulation of exo-polymers prepared from Cordyceps sinensis by submerged culture. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 80 (6), 1087–1093. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18690428 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Zhou, X., et al. 2008. Cordycepin is an immunoregulatory active ingredient of Cordyceps sinensis. Am. J. Chin. Med., 36 (5), 967–980. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19051361 (accessed 02.26.2009).

¹⁶ Li, C., et al. 2009. Two-sided effect of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cells in different physiological stages. J. Leukoc. Biol., 85. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (PDF): http://www.jleukbio.org/cgi/rapidpdf/jlb.0908573v1 (accessed 03.16.2009).

¹⁷ Park, D., et al. 2008. Immunoglobulin and cytokine production from mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes is regulated by extracts of Cordyceps sinensis in C57BI/6N mice. J. Med. Food, 11 (4), 784–787. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053874 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Kuo, M., et al. 2007. Immunomodulatory effect of exo-polysaccharides from submerged cultured Cordyceps sinensis: Enhancement of cytokine synthesis, CD11b expression, and phagocytosis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 75 (4), 769-775. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17310399 (accessed 03.16.2009).

¹⁸ Li, C., et al. 2009. Two-sided effect of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cells in different physiological stages. J. Leukoc. Biol., 85. [Epub ahead of print.] URL (PDF): http://www.jleukbio.org/cgi/rapidpdf/jlb.0908573v1 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Zhou, X., et al. 2009. Cordyceps fungi: Natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 61 (3), 279-291. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19222900 (accessed 02.26.2009).

Li, S., et al. 2006. Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine, 13 (6), 428-433. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716913 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Lo, H., et al. 2006. Anti-hyperglycemic activity of natural and fermented Cordyceps sinensis in rats with diabetes induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin. Am. J. Chin Med., 34 (5), 819-832. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17080547 (accessed 03.16.2009).

¹⁹ Panossian, A., et al. 2009. Adaptogens exert a stress-protective effect by modulation of expression of molecular chaperones. Phytomedicine, 16 (6–7), 617–622. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188053 (accessed 03.12.2009).

²⁰ Panossian, A., et al. 2009.

²¹ Olsson, E., et al. 2009. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue. Planta Med., 75 (2), 105–112. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016404 (accessed 03.13.2009).

²² [No author listed.] 2002. Rhodiola rosea. Monograph. Altern. Med. Rev., 7 (5), 421–423. URL (PDF): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12659243 (accessed 03.16.2009).

Brown, R., et al. 2002. Rhodiola rosea: A phytomedicinal overview. HerbalGram, J. Am. Bot. Counc., 56, 40-52. URL: http://content.herbalgram.org/abc/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2333 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Darbinyan, V., et al. 2000. Rhodiola rosea in stress-induced fatigue — a double-blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine, 7 (5), 365–371. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081987 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Spasov, A., et al. 2000. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-% extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen. Phytomedicine, 7 (2), 85–89. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839209 (accessed 08.12.2009).

²³ Kwon Y., et al. 2006. Evaluation of Rhodiola crenulata and Rhodiola rosea for management of type II diabetes and hypertension. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 15 (3), 425-432. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837437 (accessed 03.13.2009).

²⁴ Bystritsky, A., et al. 2008. A pilot study of Rhodiola rosea (Rhodax) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J. Altern. Complement. Med., 14 (2), 175-180. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307390 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Panossian, A., et al. 2008. Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats. Phytomedicine, 15 (1-2), 84-91. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054474 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Qin, Y., et al. 2008. [Effects of Rhodiola rosea on level of 5-hydroxytryptamine, cell proliferation and differentiation, and number of neurons in cerebral hippocampus of rats with depression induced by chronic mild stress.] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 33 (23), 2842–2846. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19260327 (accessed 03.13.2009).

Darbinyan, V., et al. 2007. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nord. J. Psychiatry, 61 (5), 343-348. Erratum in: Nord. J. Psychiatry, 2007; 61 (6):503. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990195 (accessed 03.13.2009).

²⁵ Mumoli, N., & Cei, M. 2009. Licorice-induced hypokalemia. Int. J. Cardiol., 124 (3), e42–44. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17320224 (accessed 08.03.2009).

²⁶ Shibata, S. 2000. A drug over the millennia: Pharmacognosy, chemistry, and pharmacology of licorice. Yakugaku Zasshi, 120 (10), 849–862. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11082698 (accessed 08.03.2009).

Armanini, D., et al. 2002. History of the endocrine effects of licorice. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 110 (6), 257–261. URL (abstract): http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12373628 (accessed 08.03.2009).

Text box reference

Wilson, J. 2007. “Assessment of adrenal function: Integrating laboratory and symptoms.” IFM 14th International Symposium, 05.27.2007, Tucson, AZ.

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Phytotherapy for adrenal health

Original Publication Date: 09/04/2009
Last Modified: 02/16/2010
Principal Author: Marcella Sweet